问题 阅读理解与欣赏

阅读下面的文字,完成1—4题。

书房的窗子

杨振声

  ①今天又想到了我那书房的窗子。说起窗子,那真是人类穴居之后一点灵机的闪耀才发明了它。它给你清风与明月,它给你晴日与碧空,它给你山光与水色,它给你安安静静的坐窗前,欣赏着宇宙的一切。一句话,它打通你与天然的界限。

  ②窗子的功用,虽是到处一样,而窗子的方向,却有各人的嗜好不同。我独喜欢北窗,那就全是光的问题了。说到光,我有一致偏向,就是不喜欢强烈的光而喜欢清淡的光,不喜欢敞开的光而喜欢隐约的光,不喜欢直接的光而喜欢反射的光。就拿日光来说罢,我不爱中午的骄阳,而爱“晨光之熹微”与落日的古红。纵使光度一样,也觉得一片平原的光海,总不及山阴水曲间光线的隐翳,或枝叶扶疏的树荫下光波的流动。至于反光更比直光来得委婉,“残夜水明楼”,是那般的清虚可爱,而“明月照积雪”使你感到满目清晖。

  ③不错,特别是雪的反光。在太阳下是那样霸道,而在月光下却又这般温柔。其实,雪的反光在阴阴天宇下,也满有风趣。特别是新雪的早晨,你一醒来全不知道昨宵降了一夜的雪,只看从纸窗透进满室的虚白,便与平时不同,那白中透出银色的清晖,温润而匀净,使屋子里平添一番恬静的滋味,披衣起床且不看雪,先掏开那尚未睡醒的炉子,那屋里顿然煦暖。然后再从容揭开窗帘一看,满目皓洁,庭前的枝枝都压垂到地角上了,望望天,还是阴阴的,那就准知道这一天你的屋子会比平常更幽静。

  ④至于拿月光与日光比,我当然更喜欢月光。在月光下,人是那般隐藏,天宇是那般的素净。现实的世界退缩了,想象的世界放大了。我们想象的放大,不也就是我们人格的放大?放大到感染一切时,整个的世界也因而富有情思了。“疏影横斜水清浅,暗香浮动月黄昏”比之“晴雪梅花”更为空灵,更为生动;“无情有恨何人见,月亮风清欲堕时”比之“枝头春意”更富深情与幽思;而“宿妆残粉未明天,总立昭阳花树边”也比“水晶帘下看梳头”更动人怜惜之情。

  ⑤这里不止是光度的问题,而且是光度影响了态度。强烈的光使我们一切看得清楚,却不必使我们想得明透;使我们有行动的愉悦,却不必使我们有沉思的因缘;使我们像春草一般的向外发展,却不能使我们像夜合一般的向内收敛。强光太使我们与外物接近了,留不得一分想象的距离。而一切文艺的创造,决不是一些外界事物的推拢,而是事物经过个性的熔冶、范铸出来的作物。强烈的光与一切强有力的东西一样,它压迫我们的个性。

  ⑥以此,我便爱上了北窗。南窗的光强,固不必说,就是东窗和西窗也不如北窗。北窗放进的光是那般清淡而隐约,反射而不直接。说到反光,当然便到了“窗子以外”了。我不敢想象窗外有什么明湖或青山的反光,那太奢望了。我只希望北窗外有一带古老的粉墙,最低限度地要老到透出点微黄的颜色;假如可能,古墙上生几片青翠的石斑。这墙不要去窗太近,太近则逼窄,使人心狭;也不要太远,太远便不成为窗子屏风;去窗一丈五尺左右便好。如此古墙上的光辉反射在窗下的桌上,润泽而淡白,不带一分逼人的霸气。这种清光绝不会侵凌你的幽静,也不会扰乱你的运思。

  ⑦假如,你嫌这样的光太朴素了些,那你就在墙边种上一行疏竹。有风,你可以欣赏它婆娑的舞容;有月,你可以欣赏窗上迷离的竹影;有雨,它给你平添一番清凄;有雪,那素洁,那清劲,确是你清寂中的佳友。即使无月无风,无雨无雪,红日半墙,竹荫微动,掩映于你书桌上的清晖,泛出一片青翠,几纹波痕,那般的生动而空灵。你书桌上满写着清新的诗句,你坐在那儿,纵使不读书也“要得”。(选自《品味人生》,湖南文艺出版社1992年版,有删改)

1.窗子在全文的结构中有什么作用?试作简要说明。

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2.本文语言典雅,请以第②段为例,从词语运用、句式选择、修辞方法三个方面加以简要赏析。

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3.作者为什么说“疏影横斜水清浅,暗香浮动月黄昏”比之“晴雪梅花”更为空灵、更为生动?请联系第④、⑤段作简要分析。

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4.在第⑥、⑦段中,作者为什么要着意描写想象中的古墙和疏竹?

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答案

1.①窗子是本文的一条重要线索。②作者开篇写窗子的功用,接着主要写“我”喜欢北窗的理由,最后具体形象地描绘想象中北窗的景象。

2.①选用了诸如“山阴水曲”“隐翳”“枝叶扶疏”“清虚”“清晖”等有文言色彩的词语,格调典雅。(或:在用词上使用了对比手法,如“强烈”与“清淡”“敞开”与“隐约”“中午的骄阳”与“落日的古红”等成对的词语并举,使语言繁富而典雅。)②句式上长短相间,以长句为主,且整散结合,错落有致,具有典雅之美。③使用排比,如接连使用了三个“不喜欢……喜欢……”,显得整齐、工整、典雅。(或:多处直接引用了古典诗文名句,如“晨光之熹微”“残夜水明楼”“明月照积雪”,使语言具有古典韵味。)

3.①月下梅花因光色幽暗而比晴雪梅花更显空濛灵动。②因为幽光能激发人的想象,人的想象被放大,人格也就被放大,更富有情思。③因为光度影响了态度,月光与日光所带来的美感是不同的。

4.①通过古墙和疏竹把北窗的光影之美形象地描绘出来,强化了作者对北窗的偏爱,因为此处更宜于读书和写作。②虚实相生,动静结合,增强了画面感,营造了诗的意境。③写想象中的古墙和疏竹,使行文摇曳多姿,富有变化。

阅读理解

We all enjoy the beautiful show of colours as leaves change each autumn. But did you ever wonder how and why this happens?

Leaves are nature’s food factories. Plants take water from the ground through their roots and take carbon dioxide (二氧化碳) from the air. Plants use sunlight to turn water and carbon dioxide into glucose (葡萄糖). Glucose is a kind of sugar, which plants use as food for energy and growing.

The way plants turn water and carbon dioxide into sugar is called photosynthesis that means “ putting together with light”. A chemical called chlorophyll helps photosynthesis. It gives plants their green colour. As summer ends and autumn comes, the days get shorter and shorter, and trees “know” to begin getting ready for winter.

During winter, there is not enough light or water for photosynthesis. Trees rest during this time and live on the food they store during the summer. They begin to shut down their food-making factories.

As the green chlorophyll disappears from the leaves, we begin to see yellow and orange leaves. Small amounts of these colours have been in the leaves all along. We just can’t see them in the summer, because they are covered up by the green chlorophyll.

The bright reds and purples we see in leaves are made mostly in autumn. In some trees, like maples (枫树), glucose is caught in the leaves after photosynthesis stops. Sunlight and the cool nights of autumn turn this glucose into a red colour. The brown colour of trees like oaks (橡树) is made from waste left in the leaves.

It is the mixture of all these things that makes the beautiful colours we enjoy during autumn.

小题1:The word “chlorophyll” in the third paragraph means _______ in Chinese.

A.叶绿素

B.氧气

C.胡萝卜素

D.蛋白质小题2:The leaves of the trees in autumn turn yellow because of the short of _____.

A.water and carbon dioxide

B.glucose and energy

C.sunlight and water

D.sunlight and carbon dioxide小题3:The way that _______________________ is called Photosynthesis .

A.plants change water and carbon dioxide into sugar

B.plants turn water and carbon dioxide into sugar with the help of sunlight

C.plants use glucose as food for energy and growing

D.chlorophyll is a great help小题4:Which of the following is NOT true?

A.When autumn and winter come, the days get shorter and shorter.

B.During winter trees rest and live on the food they store during the summer.

C.During winter small amounts of yellow and orange colours are kept in the leaves all the time.

D.Trees begin to stop making food in summer.小题5:This passage tells us __________________.

A.all the plants can grow well with the strong sunlight

B.there are all kinds of plants on the earth

C.all the colours of the leaves aren’t made from chlorophyll

D.maples and oaks have the same reason as other trees for the change of colours

多项选择题