问题 阅读理解与欣赏

阅读下文,回答问题。

红楼启示录

王蒙

  ①整个说来,《红楼梦》是长于写实的。“石头”在全书第一回中答复空空道人说:“其间离合悲欢,兴衰际遇,俱是按迹寻踪,不敢稍加穿凿,致失其真。”这段写实主义的声明由“石头”所做,有点令人哭笑不得,也有点中国式的简明灵活的辩证法。

  ②写实的作品中,穿插环绕装点一些神话的、魔幻的、匪夷所思的故事,使写实的作品增添了一些幻化的生动、神秘、奇异,使写实的作品也生出想象的翅膀,生出浪漫的色彩,这就比一味写实、除了实还是实的作品更文学了。

  ③一般地说,写实的作品易于厚重,梦幻的作品易于轻灵,或反过来,写实的小说易失之于拙,梦幻的小说易失之于巧。执著中显出超脱,命运的铁的法则中显出恍恍惚惚的朦胧,这是真小说家的境界,这是人生真味的体验。

  ④荒诞化、幻化也是人的精神主体的一种要求,当科学性、必然性、可知性不能完全满足人的主体要求(包括观赏、享受的要求)的时候,荒诞性与梦幻性就应运而生了。荒诞化、幻化也是一种美,是一种突破了现实的硬壳、摆脱了大地芜杂的美,就像梦的美,痴的美……

  ⑤荒诞化、幻化是把小说与人生间离的重要手段。《红楼梦》一开篇,作者就强调“将真事隐去…假语村言…经历过一番梦幻”“说来虽近荒唐,细说颇有趣味”,一方面强调不失其真,未敢失其事,一方面又强调不可当真。这就给创作主体留下了进可以攻,退可以守的极大灵活性,留下了极大的艺术创造力纵横驰骋的余地,留下了自己的创作自由,也为读者留下了阅读与欣赏即进行二度创作的自由。

  ⑥完全地写实,写作本身也变成了一种介入,乃至变成了一种舆论,一种“大众传播”,一种“站队”,就必然会碰到一系列世俗人生中的问题。涉嫌不敬,涉嫌溢美,涉嫌揭人隐私,涉嫌造舆论,涉嫌提倡异端与犯上作乱……曹雪芹有几个脑袋敢去以身试文字狱!小说毕竟只是小说,至少首先是小说,虽然不如起诉书或辩护词那样具有明确的针对性,却因失去了这种针对性而获得了更普遍更长远的意义。写小说就要把小说当小说。《红楼梦》摆在案头,您就“把玩把玩”吧。反正是:“满纸荒唐言,一把辛酸泪!都云作者痴,谁解其中味?”

1.第①段中,“答复空空道人”的话是就《红楼梦》的什么特点而言的?(答案不超过4个字)

答:_______________________________________________________

2.第④段说,荒诞化、幻化是一种“摆脱了大地芜杂的美”,这里的“大地”指什么?(答案不超过6个字)

答:_______________________________________________________

3.第⑤段中说:“荒诞化、幻化是把小说与人生间离的重要手段。”请指出这种间离手段的作用。(分条写出,每条不超过 15个字)

答:_______________________________________________________

4.就节选的文字看,作者从《红楼梦》的创作中,得到了小说创作的启示,这个启示是什么?(不超过20个字)

答:_______________________________________________________

答案

1.长于写实。

2.现实生活。(意对即可)

3.(1)给作者留下创作的自由。

(2)给读者留下阅读欣赏的自由。(意对即可)

4.写实和写梦幻各有短长,二者应有机结合。(意对即可)

阅读理解

阅读理解。

     Beijing - "Ma", a Chinese character for horse, is the 13th most common family name in China, shared

by nearly 17 million people. That can cause no end of confusion when Mas get together, especially if those Mas also share the same given name, as many Chinese do.

     Ma Cheng’s book-loving grandfather came up with an elegant solution to this common problem.

Twenty-six years ago, when his granddaughter was born, he consulted his library of Chinese dictionaries

and lighted upon a character pronounced “cheng”. Cheng looks just like the character for horse, except

that it is condensed (压缩) and written three times in a row.

     The character is so rare that once people see it, Miss Ma said, they tend to remember both her and her name. That is one reason she likes it so much.

     Chinese parents’ desire to give their children a spark of individuality (个性) is colliding (冲突) with the Chinese government’s desire for order. Seeking to modernize its vast database on China’s 1.3 billion

citizens, the government’s Public Security Bureau has been replacing the handwritten identity card that

every Chinese must carry with a computer-readable one, complete with color photos and microchips. The new cards are harder to forge (伪造) and can be scanned at places like airports where security is a

priority.

     The bureau’s computers, however, are programmed to read only 32,252 of the roughly 55,000

Chinese characters according to a 2006 government report. The result is that Miss Ma and at least some

of the 60 million other Chinese with obscure characters in their names cannot get new cards - unless they

change their names to something more common.

     Moreover, the situation is about to get worse or, in the government’s view, better. Since at least 2003, China has been working on a standardized list of characters for people to use in everyday life, including

when naming children. The list will aim to control the use of obscure names.

1. Which of the following can describe the function of Paragraph 1?

A. Lead-in.  

B. Main idea.  

C. Summary.  

D. Argument.

2. This passage is somewhat like a(n) ________.

A. advertisement      

B. official document      

C. special report      

D. study plan

3. What can we know about Ma Cheng according to the passage?

A. She has got her new ID card.

B. She was named after her grandfather.

C. She is 26 years old now.

D. She wants to change her name.

4. The underlined word “obscure” in the fifth paragraph is closest in meaning to "________".

A. common        

B. poor        

C. puzzling        

D. meaningless

5. What can be inferred from the last two paragraphs?

A. China’s Public Security Bureau’s computers can read 55,000 Chinese characters.

B. The usage of Chinese characters would be more and more standard.

C. Standardized list of Chinese characters has been given out to the public.

D. Those who have strange names will have their new ID cards sooner or later.

单项选择题