问题 阅读理解与欣赏

阅读文章,回答问题。

附耳细说

毕淑敏

  韩国的古书,说过一个小故事。

  一位名叫黄喜的相国,微服出访,路过一片农田,坐下来休息,瞧见农夫驾着两头牛正在耕地,便问农夫,你这两头牛,哪一头更棒呢?农夫看着他,一言不发。等耕到了地头,牛到一旁吃草,农夫附在黄喜的耳朵边,低声细气地说,告诉你吧,边上那头牛更好一些。黄喜很奇怪,问:你干吗用这么小的声音说话?农夫答道,牛虽是畜类,心和人是一样的。我要是大声地说这头牛好那头牛不好,它们能从我的眼神手势声音里,分辨出来我的评论,那头虽然尽了力,但仍不够优秀的牛,心里会很难过……

  由此想到人,想到孩子,想到青年。

  无论多么聪明的牛,都不会比一个发育健全的人,哪怕是稍明事理的儿童,更敏感和智慧。对照那个对牛的心理体贴入微的农夫,世上做成人做领导做有权评判他人的人,是不是经常在表扬或批评的瞬间,忽略了一份对心灵的抚慰?

  父母常常以为小孩子是没有或是缺乏自尊心的。随意地大声呵斥他们,为了一点小小的过错,唠叨不止。不管是什么场合,有什么人在场,只顾自己说得痛快,全然不理会小小的孩子是否承受得了。以为只要是良药,再苦涩,孩子也应该脸不变色心不跳地吞下去。孩子越痛苦,越说明对这次教育的印象深刻,越能够起到举一反三的效果。这样的父母,实在是想错了。

  能够约束人们不再重蹈覆辙的唯一缰绳,是内省的自尊和自制。它的本质是一种对自己的珍惜和对他人的敬重,是对社会公有法则的遵守与服从。如果一个孩子从小就在无穷的心理折磨中丧失了尊严,无论他今后所受的教育如何专业,心理的残缺都很难弥补,人格将潜伏下巨大危机。人们常常以为只有批评才需要注重场合,若是表扬,在任何时机任何情形下都是适宜的。这也是一个误区。

  批评就像是冰水,表扬好比是热敷,彼此的温度不相同,但都是疗伤治痛的手段。批评往往能使我们清醒,凛然一振,深刻地反省自己的过失,迸发挺进的激奋。表扬则像温暖宜人的沐浴,使人血脉贲张,意气风发,勃兴向上的豪情。

  但如果是在公众场合的批评和表扬,除了对直接对象的鞭挞和鼓励,还会涉及同时聆听的他人的反应。更不消说领导者常用的策略往往是这样:对个别人的批评一般也是对大家的批评,对某个人的表扬更是对大多数人的无言鞭策。至于做父母的,当着自家的孩子,频频提到别人孩子的品行作为,无论批评还是表扬,再幼稚的孩子也都晓得,更是醉翁之意不在酒的含沙射影。

  批评和表扬永远是双刃剑。使用得好,犀利无比,斩出一条通达的道路。使用得当,我们快速向前;使用不当,就可能伤了自己也伤了他人,滴下一串串淋漓的鲜血。

  我想,对于孩子来说,凡是隶属天分的那一部分,无论是表扬还是批评,都不必过多地拘泥于此。就像玫瑰花的艳丽和小草的柔弱,都有浓重的不可抵挡的天意蕴藏其中,无论其个体如何努力,可改变的幅度不会很大,甚至丝毫无补。玫瑰花绝不会变成绿色,小草也永无芬芳。

  人也一样。我们有许多与生俱来的特质,每个人都是不同的。比如相貌,比如身高,比如气力的大小,比如智商的高低……在这一范畴里,都大可不必过多地表扬或批评。夸奖这个孩子是如何美丽,那个又是如何聪明,不但无助于他人有的放矢地学习,把别人的优点化为自己的长处,反倒会使没有受表扬的孩子滋生出满腔的怨怼,使那受表扬的衍生出莫名的优越。批评也是一样,奚落这个孩子笨,嘲笑那个孩子傻,孩子自己无法选择换一副大脑或是神经,批评只会使他们悲观丧气,也许从此自暴自弃。旁的孩子在这种批评中无端地得了傲视他人的资本,便可能沾沾自喜起来,不再努力。

  批评和表扬的主要驰骋疆域,应该是人们的力量可以抵达的范围和深度。它们是评价态度的标尺而不是鉴定天资的分光镜。我们可以批评孩子的懒散,而不应当指责孩子的智力。我们可以表扬女孩把手帕洗得很洁净,而不宜夸奖她的服装高贵。我们可以批评临阵脱逃者的怯懦无能,却不要影射先天的多病与体弱。我们可以表扬经过锻炼的强壮机敏,却不必太在意得自遗传的高大与威猛……

  不恰当的批评与表扬,如同太冷的冰水和太热的蒸汽,都会对我们造成破坏。孩子和年轻人的心灵与皮肤,更为精巧和细腻。他们自我修复的能力还不够强,如果伤害太深,会留下终生难以恢复的印迹,每到阴雨天便阵阵作痛。遗下的疤痕,侵犯了人生的光彩与美丽。

  山野中的一个农夫,对他的牛,都倾注了那样淳厚的爱心。人比牛更加敏感,因此无论表扬还是批评,让我们学会附在耳边,轻轻地说……

1.文章开篇引述韩国古书上的小故事,对文章内容的表达有何作用?

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2.理解下面的话在文中的含意和所用的艺术手法。(6分)

能够约束人们不再重蹈覆辙的唯一缰绳,是内省的自尊和自制。 

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3.结合全文,谈谈你对文章标题“附耳细说”的理解。

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4.文章最后说:“山野中的一个农夫,对他的牛,都倾注了那样淳厚的爱心。人比牛更加敏感,因此无论表扬还是批评,让我们学会附在耳边,轻轻地说……”请结合本文,谈谈这一段文字对你的启发。

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答案

1.从对畜类的评说,引申到对人的评说,从而引出“心灵的抚慰”这一论题。

2.这句话运用了比喻手法,强调人在认识到自己的过失而重塑自己的过程中,需要拥有个人的尊严,同时自觉地尊重他人,遵守、服从社会公有法则。本句意在说明内因的关键作用。

3.文章主要阐述批评和表扬的适度问题,说明尊重被教育者的尊严的重要性。“附耳细说”,属于人们交往的“亲密距离”,形象地涵盖了本文的主旨。

4.农夫对牛倾注淳厚的爱心,是为了不伤及牛的自尊;而对人进行批评或表扬时,更应该以不伤及人的自尊为前提,故而需要“附耳细说”。“附耳细说”说起来容易,做起来难,所以我们需要“学会”。(意对即可)

阅读理解与欣赏
单项选择题

If the past couple of weeks are any indication, mainstream media may be primed for a comeback. In July, The Washington Post published its massive "Top Secret America" series, painstakingly detailing the growth of the US intelligence community after 9/11. When it ran, New York Observer editor Kyle Pope crowed (on Twitter, ironically), "Show me the bloggers who could have done this !" The Los Angeles Times recently mobilized a community to action when it broke the news that top city officials in Bell, Caiif. , one of the poorest cities in Los Angeles county, were raking in annual salaries ranging from $100,000 to $ 800,000.
Clearly, if mainstream media is an aging fighter against the ropes, it still has a few punches left to throw. But such make-a-difference journalism requires lots of time and money, something most news outlets don’t have. And it runs counter to the frantic pace of modern, Web-driven newsrooms. So for journalism to survive in the Digital Age, it needs to be simultaneously fast-paced and substantive, snarky and thought-provoking. Or, at the very least, it must find some middle ground where illuminating investigative pieces and Mel Gibson telephone call mash-ups can coexist.
The 24/7 newsroom has become an intractable part of the media landscape, and the Web is the primary battleground news outlets have to win in order to stay competitive. That has forced journalists to become much more mindful of online traffic, which can sap morale. As a recent New York Times piece put it.- "Young journalists who once dreamed of trotting the globe in pursuit of a story are instead shackled to their computers, where they try to eke out a fresh thought or be first to report anything that will impress Google algorithms and draw readers their way. " But the Washington Post and Los Angeles Times pieces demonstrate that, regardless of whether the stories appear in print or online, reporters still need the time and space to be effective watchdogs--to track down sources and slog through financial disclosures, and court documents that often fill the better part of a journalist’s working life.
Right out of college, I spent several years working for a mid-size regional daily newspaper. I covered endless city and county government meetings, reported on crime and education, and learned that reporters should always carry a sensible pair of shoes in their car in case they are sent into the mountains to cover a wildfire. In my relatively short time in the newspaper trenches, I developed a profound respect for the people who do the decidedly unglamorous work of keeping government honest for little pay and even less job security.
The Pew Research Center’s State of the News Media 2010 report found that, while reported journalism is contracting and commentary and analysis is growing, 99 percent of the links on blogs circle back to the mainstream press. (Just four outlets--BBC, CNN, The New York Times, and The Washington Post--account for 80 percent of all links. ) The report concludes that new media are largely filled with debate that is dependent on the shrinking base of reporting coming from old media. The same report included polling data showing that 72 percent of Americans feel that most news sources are biased in their coverage, feel overwhelmed rather than informed by the amount of news and information they’re taking in.
I’m not advocating a return to some supposed halcyon period before the Internet. I’m still a product of my generation. I like the alacrity of the Web and admire its ability to connect people around the world, and to aggregate and spread information at lightning speed. It s warming glow gives me probably 90 percent of the news I consume, and I enjoy commenting on articles that friends post on Facebook.
But I hope it won’t make me sound prematurely aged to say that sometimes the Internet exhausts me. That I’m troubled by how frequently I find myself sucked into the blogging vortex of endless linkage, circuitous kvetching, and petty media infighting. I often emerge from these binges hours later, bleary-eyed and less informed than when I started.
The media need to be quick and smart. They should tell us something new, rather than simply recycle outrage. Some of the watchdog role has been shouldered by nonprofit outfits like the Pulitzer Prize-winning ProPublica--which has recruited a number of top investigative reporters with a mission of producing journalism in the public interest--as well as smaller nonprofit ventures springing up around the country.
Many old-school media outlets are moving, toward a primarily Web-focused model. The "Top Secret America" series may be the best example to date of a deeply reported piece that probably could not have been achieved without the resources and support of a major news operation, but which is also packaged appealingly for the Web. All of this seems to indicate that, despite reported journalism’s painful contractions, a few small inroads are being made toward creating a new model for news. Solid reporting and thoughtful analysis shouldn’t be the sole province of a dying medium.

The Pew Research Center’s State of the News Media 2010 report concludes that______.

A. most links on blogs and debates from new media are still dependent on old medina
B. new media are separated farther away from old media
C. reported journalism, commentary and analysis are growing
D. with rapidly developing new media, the coverage of news becomes more balanced