问题 阅读理解与欣赏

阅读下面的文字,完成1~3题。

  汉字中的“和”,渊源有自,其来尚矣,在甲骨文和金文中均有所见。历史上“和”的概念经历了由实转虚的演变过程,它逐渐从形而下的具体器物与感官经验抽象为形而上的价值理念和精神诉求,用来表达协调、调和、协和、和谐、和睦、和平、平和等思想观念。“和”成为涵盖自然(天地人)、社会(群家己)、内心(情欲意)等层面与音乐、绘画、饮食和养生等领域的基本原则,以及修身、齐家、治国、平天下的本质规定。可以说,一个“和”字,差不多道尽了中华文明的精神特质。

  先贤所谓“和”,是“异”中之“和”,无“异”就无“和”。用今人的流行话语说,“和”讲的就是“多样性的统一”。“和”的精神是以承认事物的差异性、多样性为前提的;而“同”则不然,它旨在排斥异己,消灭差别,整齐划一。“同”的这种单一性、纯粹性的倾向,最终必然导致事物的发展停滞直至灭亡;而“和”对多样性的坚守,不同事物或对立因素之间的并存与交融,两者相成相济,互动互补,是万物生生不息的不二法门。

  古人对“和”与“同”的异同与优劣有着深刻的洞识。《左传·昭公二十年》载,齐国晏婴与齐景公论“和”“同”之别,他指出:“和如羹焉”,和“五味”才成美味佳肴;“声亦如味”,和“六律”、“七音”方为悦耳动听的音乐。相反,“同之不可也如是”,一种调料难免乏味,一种声音让人厌烦。在此基础上,孔子明确提出“和而不同”的命题,并把和同与否作为区分君子与小人的一个标准:“君子和而不同,小人同而不和。”这与《中庸》所载的孔子“君子和而不流”的说法,意义相近。孔子将事事苟同、不讲原则的人讥为“乡愿”,即好好先生,他批评说:“乡愿,德之贼也。”章太炎在《诸子学略说》中说:“所谓中庸,实无异于乡愿……若夫逢衣浅带,矫言伪行,以迷惑天下之主,则一国皆称愿人。所谓中庸者,是国愿,是有甚于乡愿者也。”章太炎的这段话是很有见地的,他提出儒家虽然力图划清“中庸”与“乡愿”之界限,但是“中庸”的随时而动,与“乡愿”的见风使舵实质上没有什么太大的区别。应该说,被章太炎贬为“乡愿”、“国愿”的中庸,并不是先哲追慕的理想层面与理论形态的中庸,而是指它在历史上扭曲变形的社会表现;他所批评的孔子,也并非孔子本人,乃是专制政治的符号性存在。孔子及其价值理念,在后世没能摆脱被毒化与同化的厄运。

  在精神层面,“和而不同”的理念,从被动的方面看,含有反抗政治强权或文化霸权的压迫与同化之意;从积极意义看,则昭示了兼容并蓄、海纳百川的包容精神与博大胸怀。

1.下列有关“和”与“同”的关系,表述不正确的一项是(     )

A.“和”完全涵盖了中华文明的精神实质,而“同”则忽略个性存在。

B.“和”承认事物的差异性、多样性,而“同”则排斥异己,消灭差别。

C.“和”强调事物的相成相济、互动互补,而“同”则导致事物的发展停滞甚至灭亡。

D.“和”强调多样性的统一,强调多样性的坚守,而“同”体现出单一性、纯粹性的倾向。

2.下列有关古人对“和”的认识的表述,符合原文意思的一项是(     )

A.晏婴与齐景公分别以美味佳肴与动听的音乐为喻,强调了“和”与“同”的本质区别。

B.孔子提出“和而不同”的命题的根本目的在于规范君子与小人最根本的区分标准。

C.在章太炎看来,不论其实质,还是危害程度,“中庸”与乡愿”没有本质区别。

D.古人对于“和”的认识是一个动态的发展的过程,也往往与道德或政治产生某种必然的联系。

3.下列各项的表述不符合原文意思的一项是(     )

A.从“和”字的汉字构成与最初意义来看,“和”主要应该与某种具体的器物有关。

B.“和”所强调的多样性坚守正是万物相互交融门径,也是万物生生不息的不二法门。

C.“和而不同”既有反抗压迫、反抗同化的内涵,又有兼容并蓄、海纳百川的精神要义。

D.被章太炎贬为“乡愿”“国愿”的中庸是先哲追慕的理想层面与理论形态的中庸在历史上扭曲变形的社会表现。

答案

1.A

2.D

3.B

阅读理解

The journey two naval (海军) officers made some time ago to tile very deepest point on the earth makes us realize how much of the world still remains to be explored (探测). The two men went down several miles to the bottom of the Pacific Ocean hiding in a small steel ball called a “bathy-scaphe” to find out if there are any ocean currents (急流) or signs of life.

It was necessary to set ont early, so that the bathyscaphe would come to the surfacc in daylight, and so be easily found by the mother ship which would be waiting for it. The divers began preparations at dawn and soon afterwards, when all was ready, the steel ball disappeared under the surface of the water.

In time, the temperature dropped to freezing-point and the men trembled inside the ball. They kept in touch with the mother ship by telephone describing how they felt. Then, at a depth of 3 000 feet, the telephone stopped working and they were quite cut off from the outside world. At 30 000 feet, the men were surprised by a sudden, loud noise-------even the smallest hole in the ball would have meant instant death. Luckily, though, it was only one of the outer windows that had broken. Soon afterwards, the bathyscaphe touched the soft ocean floor, raising a big cloud of “dust” made up of different kinds of small, dead sea animals. Here, powerful lights lit up the dark water and the men were surprised to see fish swimming just above them quite untroubled by thc very large wate-pressure. But they did not dare to leave the lights on for long, as the heat from them made the water boil. Quite unexpectedly, the telephone began working again and the weak but clear voices of the officers were heard on thc mother ship. After a stay of thirty minutes the men began their journey up, arriving three hours later, cold and wet through, but none the worse for their experience.

小题1:The officers started their journey at dawn___.  

A.because they wanted to return to the mother ship in twenty four hours

B.because the sea then was calm

C.when the sun was not too strong

D.so that they could return before dark小题2:What did the officers find out at the bottom of the sea?  

A.They only found different dead sea animals.

B.They did find signs of life.

C.There was no signs of any life.

D.There was only dust.小题3:The journey to the bottom of the sea helped us to realize that______. 

A.much of the world hasn’t yet been explored

B.there are not any signs of life at the bottom of the sea

C.strong water-pressure has great effect on fish

D.powerful lights can not be turned on at the ocean floor without killing fish小题4:Which of the following is closest in meaning to “They were cold and wet through, but none the worse for their experience”?   

A.They were cold and wet through, which was the worst thing of all.

B.They were even worse than cold and wet through at the bottom of the sea.

C.Considering what they had just experienced, being cold and wet through was not too

bad.

D.For such an experience, being cold and wet through was not bad for them at all.

判断题