问题 综合题

【探索历史的奥秘】(10分)在四川广汉三星堆出土的众多文物中,青铜器物引人注目。有论者认为,云南楚雄高峰乡彝族延续和发展了三星堆文化;他们的傩祭仪式为解读三星堆青铜器物的意义提供了某种启示。阅读下列材料:

材料一 这件青铜立人像象征当时蜀人的群巫之长,也可能就是某一代蜀王的形象。

——沈仲常《三星堆二号祭祀坑青铜主人像初记》

材料二 人们常将考古材料、文献材料、民族学的材料相结合,相对比进行研究来探索古代文化的奥秘。……从现存少数民族各种祭祀活动中看,其主持者多为巫师,也有的是长老。他们在主持祭仪时大都要穿法衣,戴法帽,手持法器,在氏族部落时期则为巫师兼酋长。高峰乡火把节傩仪主持人即(是)。……(青铜立人像)的性质确定了,其余小铜人、金面具、青铜面具便不难从高峰彝乡火把节傩仪中找到他们应有的位置,他们都是随同傩神出现的神兵神将。

——唐楚臣《广汉三星堆文化探秘》

材料三 不同学科的交互影响……产生了一系列意想不到的理论争鸣,而这些又丰富了整个的考古学讨论。

——[英]约翰逊《考古学理论导论》

请回答:

(1)据材料一、二,结合所学知识,指出青铜立人和一般小铜人的身份,并说明青铜树的象征意义。(6分)

(2)材料一、二分别属于何种学科的资料?综合上述材料,结合所学知识,指出多学科材料的综合运用对于破解三星堆历史之谜带来的积极影响。(4分)

答案

(1)青铜立人:巫师;蜀王(或国王、酋长、群族之长)。

小铜人:神兵神将(或地位低微的人,如俘虏、罪犯、仆役)。

青铜树:具有复合特征的神树;扶桑是生长于日出地方的神树;若木是生长于日落之处的神树;建木是通天神树。(或图腾树;擎天树即天梯;敬天神、求吉祥的神树)

(2)资料:材料一:考古材料;材料二:民族学(或民俗学、人类学)材料。

影响:丰富了历史信息;产生了新的研究思路。

题目分析:本题考查学生解读分析史料并综合解决问题的能力。

第(1)问中第一小问从材料一中“青铜立人像象征当时蜀人的群巫之长,也可能就是某一代蜀王的形象”来概括“青铜立人”的身份;依据材料二中“是随同傩神出现的神兵神将。”信息概括“小铜人”的身份;第二小问从青铜树具有复合特征的神树等角度分析作答,可联系到扶桑、若木、建木以及图腾树等并分析象征意义。

第(2)中属于史料判断题目,史料分为一手史料和二手史料,材料一是考古挖掘显然是第一手史料,而材料二是从民族学角度研究历史属于二手史料;第二小问史料影响可以从研究历史的价值和视角以及对历史信息丰富等角度思考作答。

阅读理解

阅读理解。

     Children have their own rules in playing games. They seldom need a referee and rarely trouble to keep

scores. They don't care much about who wins or loses, and it doesn't seem to worry them if the game is

not finished. Yet, they like games that depend a lot on luck, so that their personal abilities cannot be directly

compared. They also enjoy games that move in stages, in which each stage, the choosing of leaders, the

picking-up of sides, or the determining of which side shall start, is almost a game in itself.

     Grown-ups can hardly find children's games exciting, and they often feel puzzled at why their kids play

such simple games again and again. However, it is found that a child plays games for very important reasons.

He can be a good player without having to think whether he is a popular person, and he can find himself

being a useful partner to someone of whom he is ordinarily afraid. He becomes a leader when it comes to

his turn. He can be confident, too, in particular games, that it is his place to give orders, to pretend to be

dead, to throw a ball actually at someone, or to kiss someone he has caught.

     It appears to us that when children play a game they imagine a situation under their control. Everyone

knows the rules, and more importantly, everyone plays according to the rules. Those rules may be childish,

but they make sure that every child has a chance to win.

1. What is true about children when they play games?

A. they can stop playing any time they like.

B. They can test their personal abilities.

C. They want to pick a better team.

D. They don't need rules.

2. To become a leader in a game the child has to ________.

A. play well

B. wait for his turn

C. be confident in himself

D. be popular among his playmates

3. What do we know about grown-ups?

A. They are not interested in games.

B. They find children's games too easy.

C. They don't need a reason to play games.

D. They don't understand children's games.

4. Why does a child like playing games?

A. Because he can be someone other than himself.

B. Because he can become popular among friends.

C. Because he finds he is always lucky in games.

D. Because he likes the place where he plays a game.

5. The writer believes that _______.

A. children should make better rules for their games.

B. children should invite grown-ups to plays with them.

C. children's games can do them a lot of good

D. children play games without reasons

单项选择题