问题 问答题 论述题

论述影响运输合理性的因素。

答案

参考答案:

合理运输是指遵循商品流通规律,根据货物运输的条件、货物的合理流向和市场供需状况,以最快的速度、最少的环节、最短的里程、最省的费用,完成货物的运输任务。影响合理运输的因素包括:

(1)运输距离。运输是实现货物的空间位移,因此运输距离的远近,就是决定其合理与否的一个最基本的因素。企业在组织货物运输时,首先要考虑运输距离的长短,尽可能实行近产近销,就近运输,避免舍近求远,浪费运力。

(2)运输环节。运输是物流中的一个重要环节,而运输又包括装卸、搬运、包装等环节,多一道环节,就需要多花劳动和时间。因此,在组织货物运输时,尽可能减少中间环节,进行直达、直拨运输。

(3)运输工具。不同运输方式具有不同的运输工具。要根据货物的不同特点,分别利用铁路、水运和汽车等运输方式,选择最佳运输路线;同时要改进车船的装载技术和装载方法,提高技术装载量,使用最少的运力,运输更多的货物,提高运输生产效率。

(4)运输时间。为了更好地为顾客服务,及时满足顾客对货物的需要,时间是一个决定性的因素。在物流过程中必须要注意货物运输所占的时间,应想方设法加快货物运输速度,尽量减少由于运输的延误而造成货物的脱节。

(5)运输费用。运输费用在物流费用中占了很大比重,它是衡量运输经济效益的重要指标,也是考核合理运输的重要指标之一。上述五个因素既有联系又互相影响,有时还会出现矛盾。如在一定条件下,采用航空运输,缩短了运输时间,但费用却高了;反之,采取水运,费用是降低了,但速度慢多了。这就要求在货物运输时,进行综合分析,寻求最佳运输方案。

实验题
单项选择题


Directions: There are 4 passages in this part. Each of the passages is followed by 5 questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are 4 choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best one.
Passage One

American consumers like convenience very much. During the last 50 years, there has been a dramatic increase in such labor-saving devices as automatic washing machines, clothes dryers, dishwashers, food processors, microwave ovens, garbage disposals and power lawn mowers. Today, all of these and many more, are found in a typical suburban home. These labor-saving devices are designed to reduce the time spent on housework. However, the time that Americans save is quickly spent on other activities.
The American desire for convenience also created the concept of fast-food restaurants, found in every city and almost every small town in the United States, and now exported all over the world. These fast-food restaurants, such as McDonald’s and KFC, serve sandwiches, salads, fried chicken, seafood, and other food to hurried customers in five minutes or less, often at a drive-up window. There are also a wide variety of restaurants that will deliver Chinese food, pizza, and other dishes to people’s homes in about a half-hour. In many areas there are "take-out taxis" that will deliver food from the menus of 20 or 30 different restaurants for a small charge. For those who prefer to prepare their food at home, American grocery stores are full of convenience foods that are packaged and ready to cook or even precooked.
Like microwave ovens and dishwashers, fast-food and take-out restaurants are convenient because they save the American consumer time that would otherwise be spent fixing meals or cleaning up. More than half of all the women in the United States are currently employed. This includes mothers with children under the age of 18. More than half the women with little children under the age of six hold jobs. Sixty-eight percent of the women who have school-age children are employed. Families with working mothers need all the time-savers they can get.
Thus, the conveniences that Americans desire reflect not so much a leisurely lifestyle as a busy lifestyle in which even minutes of time are too valuable to be wasted. Alexis de Tocqueville was one of the first to see in this a curious paradox (自相矛盾) in the American character. He observed that Americans were so busy working to acquire comforts and conveniences that they were unable to relax and to enjoy leisure time when they had it. Today, many Americans have what one medical doctor has called "the hurry sickness".

It is implied in the passage that ______.

A.fast food is not as nutritious as home-cooked food

B.fast food restaurants are more popular than take-out restaurants in the U. S.

C.most of the cooking at home is done by women

D.more men than women prefer eating convenient food