问题 问答题

甲发现推摩托车的乙形迹可疑,怀疑摩托车是乙盗窃得来的赃物。当乙发动摩托车想骑走时,甲走过去装着认识这辆车的样子,对乙说:“你要到哪里去”乙见状,以为甲是摩托车的主人,弃车而逃。后甲见四周无人,想将摩托车骑回家据为已有。刚骑一会儿,被前来查寻的失主抓获归案。
[问] 对甲的行为应当如何论处

答案

参考答案:这是一起看似案情简单却存在严重定性争议的真实案例,人民法院曾约请陈兴良教授等学者就此案例进行解析,北京大学法学院2004年研究生入学考试也考核了这道案例。
讨论中主要有三种不同的观点,一是盗窃说,认为甲是在摩托车主人不在场的情况下,秘密窃取他人的摩托车,数额较大,应以盗窃罪论处。二是诈骗说,认为甲假冒摩托车的主人,使乙产生错误认识,而“自愿”交付摩托车,数额较大,应以诈骗罪论处。三是无罪说,认为甲的行为并不符合盗窃罪、诈骗罪或者其他犯罪的构成条件,应以无罪论处。此外,也有人主张,对甲的行为应以侵占罪论处。
本人认为,对甲的行为不构成犯罪,应以不当得利论处。
首先,甲的行为不构成盗窃罪。盗窃罪是非法占有为目的,以窃取的手段排除他人对财物的占有和支配,数额较大或者多次窃取财物的行为。构成盗窃罪的前提必须是财物被他人所占有和支配。如果财物虽然属于他人所有,但不在他人的占有和支配之下,而是处于无人占有和支配的状态,行为人将处于此种状态的财物据为己有的,则不能认定为窃取他人占有的财物。本案中,甲发现乙形迹可疑,怀疑摩托车是乙盗窃得来的赃物,上前盘问乙,乙做贼心虚,认为甲是摩托车主人弃车而逃,致使摩托车处于无人支配和控制的状态。没有证据显示甲盘问乙时即有非法占有摩托车的意图,甲只是在乙弃车而逃后,见四周无人,才产生据为已有的意图,而此时摩托车已经处于无人占有和支配的状态。因此,甲的行为不符合盗窃罪窃取他人财物、排除他人对财物的占有和支配这一基本构成要素。
甲的行为并不构成诈骗罪。构成诈骗罪,同样是行为人在非法占有他人占有和支配的财物的目的的支配下,通过捏造事实、掩盖真相等方法,驱使被害人自愿改变占有和支配关系,自动交付财物。骗取的财物可以是他人合法占有和支配的财物,也可以是他人非法占有和支配的财物。因此,如果甲处于非法占有的目的,冒充摩托车的主人欺骗乙,使乙弃车而逃,然后将摩托车据为已有的,可以认定其构成诈骗罪。但是,本案中,甲在装着认识摩托车的样子上前盘问乙时,并没有证据显示其有冒充摩托车主人骗取摩托车的意思,甲非法占有摩托车的故意只是在乙弃车而逃,摩托车处于实际无人占有和支配状态后才产生的,因而不符合诈骗罪的构成要件。
甲的行为也不构成侵占罪。侵占罪是以非法占有为目的,将代为保管的他人财物或者他人的遗忘物、埋藏物非法占为己有,拒不返还或者拒不交出,数额较大的行为。本案中,摩托车不是甲受委托保管的财物,也不是什么遗忘物或者埋藏物,不符合侵占罪的对象条件。
既然甲的行为不构成盗窃罪、诈骗罪或侵占罪,本人主张对其就不应当作犯罪处理。甲的行为实际上是一种不当得利行为。所谓不当得利,是指一方非因自己的违法行为但又没有合法依据,而使他人利益受到损害并使自己获利的行为。我国《民法通则》第92条规定,没有合法依据,取得不当得利,造成他人损失的,应当将取得的不当利益返还受损失的人。本案中,摩托车处于无人占有和支配的状态虽然由于甲的盘问所致,但甲盘问时并非出于非法占有摩托车的目的,甲将因其无犯罪意图的盘问行为而导致处于无人占有和支配状态的摩托车骑回家的行为,属于不当得利,根据《民法通则》予以返还即可。由本案例的解析,提醒大家注意在分析刑法案例时应当确立刑法谦抑观念和罪刑法定观念,摒弃有罪推定意识。本案讨论过程中,之所以出现各种有罪认定的结论,除了论者考虑问题的角度不同外,恐怕与论者潜意识中的刑法泛化和有罪推定意识不无关系。其实,从刑法谦抑的立场出发,对于本案这样一种没有造成实际损害结果的刑法边缘行为,也不宜以犯罪论处。

阅读理解

Like all animal species, plant species must spread their offspring to suitable areas where they can grow and pass on their parents’ genes. Young animals generally spread by walking or flying. Because plants don’t have that ability, they must somehow hitchhike(搭车). Some plant seeds scatter by blowing in the wind or floating on water. Many other plant species, though, trick an animal into carrying their seeds. How do they do this? They enclose the seeds within a tasty fruit and advertise the fruit’s ripeness by its colour or smell. The hungry animal collects and swallows the fruit, walks or flies off, and later spits out the seeds somewhere far from its parent tree. Seeds can thereby be carried for thousands of miles. It may surprise you to learn that plant seeds can resist digestion. In fact, some seeds actually require passage through an animal’s body before they can grow.

Wild strawberries offer a good example of hitchhiking tactics. When strawberry seeds are still young and not yet ready to be planted, the surrounding fruit is green, sour and hard. When the seeds finally mature, the berries turn red, sweet, and tender. The change in the berries’ colour serves as a signal to birds which then eat the strawberries, fly off, and eventually spit out the seeds.

Naturally, strawberry plants didn’t set out with a conscious intention of attracting birds only when their seeds were ready to be dispersed. Nor did birds set out with the intent of planting strawberries. Rather, strawberry plants evolved through natural selection. The sweeter and redder the final strawberry, the more birds spread its ripe seeds; the greener and more sour the young strawberry, the fewer birds destroyed the seeds by eating berries before the seeds were ready.

1.What does the underlined word “dispersed” in the third paragraph mean?

A.spread                                B.eaten        

C.born                                  D.planted

2.For plants, which of the following is NOT a way of spreading their offspring to suitable areas?

A.Hitchhiking.                           B.Blowing in the wind.  

C.Floating on water.                      D.Tracking an animal.

3.Which strategy does the example of wild strawberries describe?

A.The conscious intent of attracting birds.     B.Spreading by walking.

C.Spreading by flying.                    D.The strategy of taking a lift.

4.Why does the author describe how strawberry seeds are spread?

A.To show plants are good at adapting to the environment. .

B.To show strawberry’s special way.

C.To show the plant has different ways of spreading seeds.

D.To show the mystery of plant.

5.What’s the passage mainly about?

A.How animals disperse offspring.           B.How plants disperse their offspring.

C.Plant evolution.                        D.Plants’ hitchhiking on animals.

单项选择题