问题 阅读理解与欣赏

何为国学

方克立

  何为国学?学术界有各种不同的看法,从上个世纪起就争论不休。在我看来,学界目前所讲的“国学”,就其指称对象和时空范围来说,多数学者实际上已取得基本一致的看法,即以其指称中国传统的学术文化。这就是狭义的国学概念。

  广义的国学是“一国所有之学”,除了中国传统学术文化之外,还包括西学和马克思主义传入后的中国近现代学术文化,与海外“中国学”或“汉学”研究的对象、范围大体相同。

  将国学界定为中国传统的学术文化,其实也是一个相当笼统、内涵十分丰富复杂的概念,略同于“古学”、“旧学”或“国故学”,是中国传统学术文化之总和、总称。我们通常说的国学,是指近代分科之学形成之前的经、史、子、集“四部”之学,传统的义理、考据、辞章、经世之学,或者如马一浮先生所言“六艺统四部”,“国学者六艺之学也”。中国古代的学问是“通人之学”,主张天地人贯通、文史哲贯通、儒释道贯通、真善美贯通、道学政贯通……而以成人之道为中心。“通”是以类分为前提的,中国传统学术分类集中体现在图书典籍分类中。《汉书艺文志》将中国古代的书籍分为六艺、诸子、诗赋、兵书、数术、方技六类,《隋书经籍志》形成了经、史、子、集四部分类法的雏形,以后不断调整、完善,至清代编定《四库全书总目》,已形成一套完整的中国传统学问的知识系统。

  有人提议将国学与文学、史学、哲学等并列设立为一级学科,我不赞成这种意见。因为国学不是一个学科,而是一个学科体系,一个不同于现代学科体系的传统学科体系。国学有自己独特的学术分类,现代学科体系是从它转型发展而来的,因此就学术内涵来说,二者存在大量交叉重合。国学中除了有小学、经学、文学、史学、哲学等传统人文学科的内容之外,还包括政治学、经济学、法学、军事学、民俗学等社会科学,天文、地理、历法、算学、医学等自然科学,农学、水利、工艺、建筑等实用技术科学的内容。如果将国学与文、史、哲并列设立为一级学科,似乎连逻辑上的种属关系都忽略了,其学科内容势必也要大大窄化,难以使人们对国学有一个全面的认识。这实际上不是提高而是降低了国学的地位。/ 对于作为中 * * 文化根源和血脉的国学,我们一方面要心存敬意,另一方面又要以分析的态度、开放的态度和前瞻的态度来对待它,创建适应时代需要的新国学,让它在当代中国先进文化建设和积极参与人类文明对话中发挥更大的作用。(选自《人民日报》)

1、下列关于“国学”的表述,不正确的一项是(     )

A、国学有广义和狭义之分,广义的国学是“一国所有之学”,包括中国传统学术文化、中国近现代学术文化和西学。

B、在本文作者看来,学界目前所讲的“国学”专指中国传统的学术文化,这是一种狭义的国学概念。

C、国学就是“古学”、“旧学”或“国故学”,是中国传统学术文化的总和、总称,内涵十分丰富复杂。

D、国学的内容包罗万象,既有传统人文学科的内容,还包含社会科学、自然科学和实用技术科学的内容。

2、下列关于作者不赞成将国学与文、史、哲并列原因的表述,不正确的一项是(     )

A、国学是一个传统学科体系,而不是一个学科,它与现代学科体系不同。

B、就学术内涵来说,现代学科体系是从国学转型发展而来的,二者存在大量交叉重合。

C、将国学与文、史、哲并列,其学科内容势必大大窄化,难以使人们对其有一个全面的认识。

D、国学经过不断地调整、完善,已形成一套完整的知识系统,有自己独特的学术分类。

3、下列表述符合原文意思的一项是(     )

A、对于国学,学术界历来就有争论,但作者认为,目前学者实际上已经取得一致的看法,达成共识。B、近几年,在海外兴起一股中国热,海外“中国学”或“汉学”研究的对象、范围与广义的国学相同。 C、中国古代的学问是“通人之学”,“通”是以类分为前提的,中国传统学术分类集中体现在图书典籍分类中。

D、国学是中 * * 的根源和血脉,对此我们既要心存敬意,又要开拓创新,创建适应时代需要的新国学,让它发挥更大的作用。

答案

1、C

2、D

3、C

选择题
阅读理解

阅读理解。

        When the sun is up in Amsterdam, the largest city in the Netherlands sits quietly on the Amstel River .You can rent a bicycle, visit the Van Gogh or Anne Frank museum, or take a water taxi.

        But when the sun goes down, the party begins. In the big clubs and in coffee shops, tourists gather to

hang out, talk politics and smoke.

        Several areas of the city clearly show the two worlds that rule Amsterdam. And they are all within a

short cab ride of each other.

        For example, Dam Square attracts daytime sightseers to its festivals, open markets, concerts and

other events. Several beautiful and very popular hotels can be found there. And there is the Royal Palace

and the Magna Plaza shopping mall.

        But as evening descends on Dam Square so do the party-seeker. Hip pop or funk music begins

blaring from Club Paradiso and Club Melkweg. These are two of the most popular clubs in Europe. So if

you come, be ready to dance. The clubs don`t shut down until 4 am.

        And while you are there, check out the various inexpensive ways to tour the city. Don`t worry about

getting lost. Although Dutch is the official language, most people in Amsterdam speak English and are

happy to help you with directions.

        And you will notice that half the people in streets are on bicycles. They rent for US $17 to $20 for

a whole day.

        Amsterdam also has a good canal system. From anywhere between US $2 and $9.50, you can use

the canal bus or a water taxi to cruise the “Venice of the North”.

        You can take in the picturesque canal house architecture: The rows of neat, narrow sour-story

dwellings of brownstone with large windows are well worth seeing. Many of them are several centuries

old.

        You might also want to jump out of the canal bus at the Museum Quarter and start walking.

Masterpieces by Dutch artists such as Rembrandt, Bruegel, Van Gogh and others are on display at the

Van Gogh Museum, Rembrandt House and others.

        The city has an appreciation of its historic post. One place to visit is the Anne Frank House in Nine

Streets. It was there that the young Jewish girl wrote her famous diary during World War II. Visitors can

see original diary and climb behind the bookcase to the room where she and her family hid from the Nazis

for two years.

1. At the beginning of the passage, the author indicates that______.

A. Amsterdam is generally known as a quiet city

B. Amsterdam presents two different pictures

C. Parties go on all day long in Amsterdam

D. Amsterdam attracts many daytime visitors

2. Which tourist attraction is mentioned in detail in Paragraphs Four and five?  

A. Royal palace.  

B. Club Paradiso.  

C. Dam Square.      

D. Magns Plaza.

3. What is the author`s purpose in writing the passage?  

A. To share his experiences with readers  

B. To list the places of interest in Amsterdam  

C. To introduce the residents life in Amsterdam  

D. To attracts people to visit Amsterdam

4. According to the passage, the local people have all the following characteristics EXCEPT_______.  

A. they are party goers        

B. they show hospitality  

C. they can speak English      

D. they are fond of cycling

5. Which of the following words can best describe Amsterdam as a tourist city?  

A. Modern    

B.Quiet      

C. Delightful  

D. Historic