问题 综合题

 根据材料回答下列问题。 

材料一:我们认为下面这些真理是不言而喻的:一切人生来就是平等的,他们被造物主赋予他们固有的、不可转让的权利,其中有生命、自由以及追求幸福的权利……

──美国《独立宣言》(1776年)

材料二:合众国公民的选举权,不得因种族、肤色或以前是奴隶而被合众国或任何一州加以拒绝或限制。

──《美利坚合众国宪法》第十五条修正案 (1870年)

材料三:合众国公民的选举权,不得因性别而被合众国或任何一州加以拒绝或限制。

──《美利坚合众国宪法》第十九条修正案 (1920年) 

材料四:(此前年满二十一岁的公民才拥有选举权,现规定)年满十八岁和十八岁以上的合众国公民的选举权,不得因为年龄而被合众国或任何一州加以拒绝或限制。

──《关利坚合众国宪法》第二十六条修正案    (1971年)

请回答:

(1)材料一确认了什么原则?结合所学知识,指出申明这一原则在当时起到了什么作用。

(2)结合所学知识,说明材料二的规定是在什么历史背景下产生的。

(3)概括材料二、三、四,指出美国公民的选举权是如何变化的。

(4)根据材料并结合所学知识。简述从美国近两百年选举权的变化中得到的启示。

(5)运用所学哲学知识对材料一所确认的原则作简要分析。

答案

(1)天赋 * * (或自由平等);鼓舞了美国人民为争取自由独立而战。

(2)美国独立后南北经济以不同方式发展;南北矛盾焦点是奴隶制存废问题;内战中,林肯政府顺应民意,颁布《解放黑人奴隶宣言》;北方取得内战胜利,废除了奴隶制度。

(3)取消了选举权在种族、肤色和奴隶身份上的限制;取消了选举权在性别上的限制;放宽了选举权在年龄上的限制。

(4)依据材料、符合史实的看法,如美国公民的选举权利在历史上长期受到限制,选举制度的改变是人民争取和斗争的结果等,即可满分。

(5)天赋 * * 的原则虽然在历史上起过积极作用,但在哲学上是以抽象人性论为基础的;马克思从“社会关系的总和”来论证人的本质,是对抽象人性论的深刻批判。

第(1)问“原则”较容易回答,即“天赋 * * ”的思想。原则所起到的“作用”则应联系《独立宣言》的发布对独立战争的影响去归纳。第(2)问应从1870年这个时间上,联系“奴隶制”的取消与南北战争这一大背景去思考。第(3)问公民选举权的变化,应从材料中获取信息进行作答,即取消了种族和奴隶的限制、取消了性别上的限制、放宽了年龄上的限制。第(4)问难度较大,主观性较强。美国选举权的扩大是人民斗争争取来的,它既说明美国的民主有很大的局限性,也说明美国的民主制度是随着历史的发展而逐步完善的。第(5)问是本题中难度最大、理论性最强的一问,对美国的天赋 * * 、自由平等原则的分析应辩证地认识,既要指出其在历史上的进步作用,也要指出其局限性。

单项选择题
阅读理解

It is true that people with better education are usually able to get better paying jobs. In other words, they have more chances to choose a good job while people with little or no education don’t. It seems that the purpose of education is to make people get jobs. But this isn’t accepted by all people.

Some people may think that a person should spend the best years of his life to get education only for a way of living. This was probably one of the earliest reasons of education. In fact, if education is just a way of making a living, people don’t need to spend so much time in school. People can get education for a living in a short time. Subjects like history and geography need not be taught to everyone. Even language and mathematics need not be taught in detail(详细地), either. Here it is clear that education is much more than teaching a man to get a way of living.

Education is well-rounded and it is mainly for improving a man. It is not only to teach him to speak, read and write, but also to develop his creative thinking and other abilities. After that, it is to make him a wise man and thankfully enjoy the achievements of human. Education is to make a man lead a better life. Educated people are expected to be able to listen to good music, read good books, watch plays and most of them take an interest in the world.

I would agree that making a good living is an important reason for education, but certainly not the most important or the main reason.

小题1:People with little education usually ____.

A.spend a long time in school

B.have a good chance to get a job

C.spend the best years to choose jobs

D.have fewer chances to get a good job小题2:The earliest education was probably to ______.

A.make a man lead a better life

B.teach a man to write and think

C.make people get a way of living

D.teach people to read good books小题3:It is expected that educated people will be able to _____.

A.accept education as a way of living

B.take an interest in the whole world

C.develop their abilities to make plays

D.learn subjects like language and math