问题 阅读理解与欣赏

阅读下面的文字,完成问题。

做一棵苍凉的白菜

王小妮

  该做一棵什么样的白菜?这是一个极端严肃的问题。

  在深圳的某商场里,我陪着两个客人闲逛。在他们打算离开商场的时候,我看见了那棵摆在陈列柜里的白菜。

  它比一般的山东白菜要略微细弱一点。每条叶片都精致。尖儿青脆。根是乳汁一样的白。它全身透明。躺在一只盘子里。它是玻璃的。标价888元。

  我非常想用手去摸一摸它,虽然我知道不应当触摸商品。我一直想伸出手去。好像我们在许多年前就认识。我们必须打个招呼。我知道它没有体温,无论真假,白菜都是凉的。我的老友,它永远这么沉默,这么冰凉。带着我过去生活的味道,我多想马上把它买回家,摆在我的桌子上。

  客人发现我一直端详白菜,就说,做人不如做白菜,要做,就做你们深圳的白菜。888元,不沾灰尘,又不会烂,只要不失手打破,放上十年、百年,都是一棵好白菜。

  这是深圳的白菜。我好像被什么陨石击中。它不是我的老友。

  我回到街上。风是真实的,它的本质是流动。树是真实的,它的本质是翠绿。我的家门是真实的,它阻挡一切人,只接受一把钥匙。我不再想那玻璃的白菜。

  真正的白菜,怎么可能在这种大商场里,被灯光照射着。我来到秋天的地上。菜们都劈着棵,它们完全熟了,青的帮儿,白的心儿,在内里运足了力气。某一天,有手抓住它,它从泥土里升起来。那手粗糙干裂,使白菜受到第一次创伤。许多的白菜,成为山,垛在寒风里,等待车,等待秤,等待进入一个温暖的门。

  冷空气在凌晨落地,最临近风的那些白菜,被寒冷打过,叶子透明、起泡,全身变成石头一样硬。买菜的人裹着大衣说,这菜我不要,冻菜!这样,它们被拨落在地,用它们最后的心力坚持着。冰冻,使它们不再倒伏,日夜立着,孤独而坚硬。最后的一日,它们看见了自己头发上的腐烂。这种结局,在它们还是一棵棕色小种子的时候,还来不及想。由此,它们成了泥。

  从生到死,能够躲在烈风背后的白菜,比那些过早成泥的,多活了几个月。像人,有的苍凉夭折,有的长寿。

  在尼采降生的那一刻,他的母亲回忆说,这个孩子的眼睛充满了全部世界的悲哀。是这个世界的,而不是他自己的。

  我不能买那棵888元的白菜。假如那商场的经理出面,拿出他窄薄的名片,说,多谢我的光临,请我任取一样东西作为留念,我也不会再要那棵白菜。它太无瑕疵,太歪曲生命,它美化了真实,因为它不腐烂。

  有一个一生不顺的人,别人说他的直率、袒露,恐怕要在另外的一块大陆上才能被理解和接纳。这个人在拥挤的公共汽车上,对一个壮年人说,请你让出你的座位来,那边有一个老人!车上所有的人都诧异,有小孩子问,他是售票员吗?最终,人们像看一件异物,目送他到站下车。那个壮年人始终没离开座位。

  我喜欢他。这棵苍凉、孤独的老白菜。

  尼采的眼睛睁开又合上。悲哀之流,怎么可能因被一两个人盯视而退却。悲哀不可能干枯。我还看见许多不真实的,类似玻璃、宝石、珍珠、玛瑙的物体,从商场的柜台里出来。他们公然走到市面上。这是一个新的人种。在他们光滑精致的仪表之下,他们微笑着,说行的时候,往往是不行;他们婉转着说不行的时候,往往暗示着行。眼睛流动时,他在琢磨你;直朴地望着你时,他却在想另外的事情。有最好的做工和设计,我们不用专门去买一棵玻璃的白菜,一日所见已经眼花缭乱。

  像游乐场里的老虎机,只认那种铁片制造的硬币。这个时代,认那些晶莹剔透的玻璃人,爱怜他们、纵容他们。财富向他们倾斜,使他们一次次旗开得胜。

  而另外一些人,像迎着风,苍凉直立的白菜。他们被上天赋予了失败的人格。这些失败的白菜,过早成泥的白菜。我极少数的老友们,你们永远不会走开,就在我的近旁。我们互相为伍,在这世界的残冬。(选自《手执一枝黄花》,有删改)

1.为什么作者最初看见玻璃白菜时称它为“我的老友”,后来又说“它不是我的老友”?

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2.作者在第三段中精心描绘了这棵白菜,结合全文思考,这样写有何作用?

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3.文中提到的“一个新的人种”指的是怎样一类人?

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4.作者在文中借“苍凉的白菜”肯定了哪几种人生态度?

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答案

1.称它是“我的老友”是因为最初看见它时感觉在许多年前就认识,觉得它带着“我”过去生活的味道;后来说“它不是我的老友”是因为它太无瑕疵,太歪曲生命,它美化了真实。(意对即可)

2.这是一棵玻璃白菜,它精致、透明、昂贵。作者用这棵玻璃白菜与后文的真实的白菜形成对比,进而深入思考“该做一棵什么样的白菜”这样一个极端严肃的人生问题。(意对即可)

3.(1)这类人外表精致,生活富裕,但内心贫瘠。(2)他们善于察言观色,处世圆滑,为人虚假。(3)他们的生命是干枯的。

4.(1)人要活得真实(表里如一);(2)能坚强地忍受孤独;(3)能坦然地面对失败甚至死亡。

单项选择题

Passage Two

In the 1920s, the pioneers of artificial intelligence (AI) predicted that, by the end of this century, computers would be conversing with us at work and robots would be performing our housework. But as useful as computers are, they are nowhere close to achieving anything remotely resembling these early aspirations for humanlike behavior. Never mind something as complex as conversation: the most powerful computers struggle to reliably recognize the shape of an object, the most elementary of tasks for a ten-month-old kid.

A growing group of AI researchers think they know where the field went wrong. The problem, the scientists say, is that AI has been trying to separate the highest, most abstract levels of thought, like language and mathematics, and to duplicate them with logical, step-by-step programs. A new movement in AI, on the other hand, takes a closer look at the more roundabout way in which nature came up with intelligence. Many of these researchers study evolution and natural adaptation instead of formal logic and conventional programs. Rather than digital computers and transistors, some want to work with brain cells and proteins. The results of these early efforts are as promising as they are peculiar, and the new nature-based AL movement is slowly but surely moving to the forefront of the field.

Imitating the brain’s neural network is a huge step in the right direction, says computer scientist and biophysicist Michael Conrad, but it still missed an important aspect of natural intelligence. "People tend to treat brain as if it were made up of color-coded transistors. " He explains, "But it’s not simply a clever network of switches. There are lots of important things going on inside the brain cells themselves." Specifically, Conrad believes that many of the brains’ capabilities stem from the pattern-recognition proficiency of the individual molecules that make up each brain cell. The best way to build an artificially intelligent device, he claims, would be to build around the same sort of molecular skills.

Right now, the notion that conventional computers and software are fundamentally incapable of matching the processes that take place in the brain remains controversial. But if it proves true, then the efforts of Conrad and his fellow AI rebels could turn out to be the only game in town.

Conrad and his group of AI researchers have been making enormous efforts to ().

A.find a roundabout way to design powerful computers

B.build a computer using a clever network of switches

C.find out how intelligence developed in nature

D.separate the highest and most abstract levels of thought

单项选择题