问题 综合题

(15分)20世纪的战争与和平

材料一  1947年3月,杜鲁门在国会发表咨文。说明要援助受 * * 主义威胁的希腊、土耳其;宣称世界已分为两个敌对的营垒,一边是“极权政体”,一边是“自由国家”,因而“美国的政策必须是支持那些正在抵抗武装的少数人或者外来压力的征服企图的自由民族”。他宣布:“不论在什么地方,不论直接或间接侵略了和平,都与美国安全有关。”并说:“我相信,这是美国外交政策的转折点”。

——《战后世界历史长编》

材料二 尼克松说:美国不在负起保卫世界自由国家的全部责任。“在涉及其他形式的侵略场合,我们将根据条约的义务,在被要求时提供军事、经济的援助。但我们指望遭受威胁的国家承担为本身防务提供人员的主要责任。“

——《第二次世界大战经济政治和国际关系》

(1)根据材料一,指出杜鲁门主义的核心。文中所说的“转折点”表现在哪些方面?(7分)

(2)对比材料一、二,概况美国的对外政策有何变化?变化的原因又是什么?(8分)

答案

(1)核心是反对苏联扩张(遏制 * * 主义),称霸世界。(3分)

表现:由战时同盟转变为敌对营垒;由反法西斯转变为干涉具有社会主义性质的革命和别国内政;由反法西斯同盟的一员转变为要担当“世界警察”的责任,称霸世界。(4分,答出2点即可。)

(2)由战略进攻转为战略防御。(2分)

原因:经济陷人困境;国内反战和平运动高涨;霸主地位动摇。(6分)

题目分析:(1)从材料“不论在什么地方,不论直接或间接侵略了和平,都与美国安全有关。”可以看出来杜鲁门主义的核心是对外扩张,遏制 * * 主义,进而称霸世界。转折点说的是前后两个时期的变化。在二战期间的盟友变成了敌人。(2)材料一主要体现的是美国的霸权政策,是对苏联战略进攻的局面,到了材料二尼克松时期,由于美国的国力衰退,在与苏联的争霸中处于守势地位,不得不调整战略,由战略进攻转为战略防御。主要原因包括美国陷入侵越战争的泥潭和国内经济放缓,布雷顿森林体系瓦解等因素构成。

阅读理解

Shyness is the cause of much unhappiness for a great many people. Shy people are anxious and self-conscious; that is, they are over concerned with their own appearance and actions. Worrisome thoughts are constantly occurring in their minds: what kind of impression am I making? Do they like me? Do I sound stupid? Am I wearing unattractive clothes?

It is obvious that such uncomfortable feelings must affect people unfavorably. Adperson’s self concept is reflected in the way he or she behaves and the way a person behaves affects other people's reactions. In general, the way people think about themselves has a deep effect on all areas of their lives. Shy people ,have low self-esteem(自尊), are likely to be passive and easily influenced by others. They need reassurance(再保证,放心) that they are doing “the right thing”. Shy people are very sensitive to criticism. It makes them feel inferior(自卑).They also find it difficult to be pleased by praises because they believe they are unworthy of praise . A shy person may respond to a praise with a statement like this one:” You’re just saying that to make me feel good .I know it's not true.” It is clear that, while self-awareness is a healthy quality, overdoing it is harmful. Can shyness be completely got rid of ,or at least reduced? Fortunately, people can overcome shyness with determination. It is important for people to accept their weaknesses as well as their strengths, for example, not fair for them to label themselves inferior because they have to be realistic. Living on the impossible leads to absence of inferiority. Each one of us has his or her own characteristics. We are interested in our own personal ways. The better we understand ourselves. the easier it becomes to live up to our chances for a rich and fulfilling life.

小题1:The first paragraph is mainly about ________.

A.the thoughts of shy people

B.the cause of shyness

C.the effect of shyness on people

D.the questions in the minds of shy people小题2:According to the wirter, self-awareness is _________.

A.harmful to people

B.a weak point of shy people

C.the cause of unhappiness

D.a good characteristic小题3:What is the shy people's reaction to praise?

A.They are pleased by it

B.They feel it is not true

C.They are very sensitive to it

D.They feel they are worthy of it小题4:We can learn from the passage that shyness can _________.

A.help us to live up to our full development

B.enable us to understand ourselves better

C.block our chances for a successful life

D.have nothing to do with lack of self esteem

名词解释