问题 阅读理解与欣赏

现代文阅读。

“核尘埃”:无须恐慌

  面对日本核电站泄漏的核尘埃,专家指出,不要恐慌,冷静面对是应对之策。

  专家指出,空气中总是漂浮着各种尘埃,在出现核事故的地方,有些尘埃就会沾染上放射性元素,这些尘埃就被称为核尘埃。这些尘埃具有一定的放射性,它们漂浮在空气中,随风扩散,使得核爆炸的污染区大幅扩大,甚至进入全球大气循环到达世界各地。

  来自环保部的信息表明,截至3月15日10:00,我国辐射环境监测未发现任何异常,我国所有运行核电机组均处于安全状态。环保部将继续密切关注和跟踪福岛第一核电站事故进展,进一步加强辐射环境监测,及时向有关方面通报信息。

  针对“核尘埃”能不能飘散到我国的问题,专家指出,空气里面的“核尘埃”应当也不会有太大的影响。一般核反应堆都有至少三重保护壳,日本福岛核电站有两台机组发生的爆炸都只损伤了外壳,并未影响到核芯。核电站铀元素在核裂变过程中会产生一些具有放射性的副产品,比如铯-137和碘-131,它们随爆炸有一部分泄漏到了空气中,但它们的半衰期都比较短,会在较短的时间内衰变为更小的原子,失去放射性,即使飘移到中国,多半也没有影响。

  中国疾病预防控制中心辐射防护与核安全医学所研究员王作元介绍说,核技术除了用于发电之外,生活中也很常见,尤其用于食品保存方面。食品辐照技术是20世纪发展起来的一种灭菌保鲜技术。它运用γ射线的照射对食品进行照射后,可达到杀虫、灭菌、保持营养品质及风味和延长货架期的效果。我国有近百种辐照食品通过了鉴定,早在1998年之前国家就已颁布批准了粮食、蔬菜、水果、肉及肉制品、干果、调味品等6大类固态辐照食品的卫生标准,在28个省市自治区建立了50多个商业化规模的辐照装置。这个数量每年都在增加。虽然很多人不知道,但你吃的食品中,很可能就接受过辐照,比如方便面的调料包。

  王作元说:“核电站反应堆如果发生事故,可能会释放出有放射性的碘-131,这时候,应当加强对周围居民的碘预防。我们应当普及更多的核防护知识,尽力在事故发生之前就作好准备。比如准备好防止碘-131辐射的药物碘片,稳定碘片的生产、储存、更新、发放等,未雨绸缪,是我们最应该做的事。”

  我们在正确认识核辐射的基础上,还应该了解和掌握一定的辐射防护知识。减少射线对人体的外照射,这主要通过控制照射时间、增大与辐射源间的距离、采用适当的屏蔽措施来实现;要尽力避免放射性物质进入体内形成内照射,内照射会对人体产生长期的危害,因此在辐射较高的场所,必须穿戴必要的防护护具,避免饮食。这两点对于直接从事放射及辐射性行业的人员非常重要,同时也是普通民众应对核事故时可以采取的有效措施。在日常生活中我们还应该注意加强自身防护,例如,如无必要,尽量避免频繁X光检查,减少吸烟,远离煤矿粉尘,家居装修时要注意检测大理石类地板是否放射性超标等。

1.下列有关“核尘埃”的说法,有误的一项是( )

A.在出现核事故的地方,空气中沾染上放射性元素的那些尘埃被称为核尘埃。

B.核尘埃具有一定的放射性,它们漂浮在空气中,随风扩散。

C.核尘埃使得核爆炸的污染区大幅扩大,甚至进入全球大气循环到达世界各地。

D.日本核电站泄漏的核尘埃,已经飘散到我国,但我们不要恐慌,应该冷静面对。

2.下列理解符合原文意思的一项是( )

A.日本福岛核电站两台机组发生的爆炸都损伤了反应堆的三重外壳,对核芯的影响不大。

B.铯-137和碘-131是铀元素在核裂变过程中产生的具有放射性的副产品。

C.铀元素的半衰期都比较短,会在较短的时间内衰变为更小的原子,失去放射性。

D.核技术除了用于发电之外,在日常生活中也用于食品保存方面,早在二十世纪末,我国就有近百种辐照食品通过了鉴定。

3.根据文中提供的信息,下列推断正确的一项是( )

A.目前,我国辐射环境监测并未发现任何异常,环保部门将密切关注,加强监测,因此,我们没有必要恐慌。

B.随日本核电站爆炸而泄漏到空气中的部分铯-137和碘-131,会在短时间内衰变而失去放射性,因此我们根本不用担心它们对中国的影响。

C.辐照技术能够用来对食品进行灭菌保鲜,我国颁布批准了相关的卫生标准,对辐照食品进行鉴定通过,所以说辐照食品不可能影响人体健康。

D.很多人都不知道自己吃的某些食品接受过辐照,如果知道,人们将会恐慌而拒绝购买这类食品。

答案

1.D

2.B

3.A

单项选择题

Passage One

The increase in leisure time, the higher standard of living, the availability of cars to a wider range of the population and, perhaps, a broadening of personal horizons have all contributed to a drastic change in the summer week-end habits of the British publiC. Now, on most Saturdays in the months loosely called summer, it is possible to see family saloons loaded with picnics and crammed to bursting with several generations of pleasure-bent Smiths’. Like competitors in some grossly disorganized rally, they nose their way through the neat drab streets of council estates, converging on the main roads, then crawl as best they can out into the open country and towards the coast.

Congestion and the frustration of wasting precious time at the receiving end of someone else’s exhaust fumes gets the pursuit of enjoyment off to had start; tempersbecome frayed. Children, traditionally the target for fathers’ ill-humor, are singled out for special treatment. The past week’s misdeeds are unearthed and magnified out of all reasonable proportion; mothers leap to their broods’ defense and, before long, vows that never again will this outing be repeated are being hurled back and forth. Of course, by this time, the children have wisely extracted themselves from the argument and are quietly amusing themselves by looking at their irate elders or gaping at the unfamiliar sight of animals in fields, often so much stranger to them than the corresponding naked shapes they are wont to see in butchers’ windows.

Eventually, tempers partially restored, the sea is in sight. The paraphernalia of enjoyment is set up on teeming beach, sand mysteriously appears in every sandwich, pale industrial legs are exposed in self-conscious nakedness.

The children drift away, quite capable of finding enough magic in this exciting, watery world to occupy them fully until they are gathered in again. Fathers and mothers, and quite possibly some members of a previous generation, settle back to receive the sun and dream away the tensions brought to a climax by the journey. Fathers eye with furtive lustfulness and mothers glare with disapproval and envy as the shapely matrons of tomorrow splash and play and race coquettishly around them, spraying water and sand and disturbing any hopes of peace.

At length the shadows drop and chill in the air brings an end to the idyll. The lobster skin is painfully covered up and the day’s debris half-heartedly collected. The family is rounded up and the brief dreams trodden into the sand along with the wasted paper.

What do they find when they finally stop ?()

A.There are sandwich stalls erected there.

B.There are factory workers sunbathing.

C.The beach is very crowded.

D.The beach is covered with a lot of paraphernali

单项选择题