结合具体实例，论述社会政策制定的过程。_爱下问搜题

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问题问答题论述题

结合具体实例，论述社会政策制定的过程。

答案

参考答案：

1、政策议程设置，社会政策的议程设置是制定社会政策的第一步。（1）政策问题的确认。（2）政策议程的类型，公众议程、政府议程。（3）建立政策议程的策略。

2.政策方案的拟定。政策议程确立后，紧接着的主要工作是社会政策方案的拟定，既确定政策行动的具体计划，包括确定政策项目的总体目标、社会政策项目的具体行动极其目标、可调动的资源、政策项目的运行机制、受益者及预期后果分析。政策方案拟定的步骤，框架设想，细节设计。

3、政策方案的选择。（1）政策方案选择的标准，价值标准，成本-效益标准，可行性标准，风险标准。（2）政策合法化。

4、政策方案的可行性分析，社会政策啊选择以后，还要对所选的的社会政策做可行性分析，以确保政策的顺利实施。所谓政策的可行性即是指一项社会政策能够有效实施的可能性、合理性、和可接受性。

5、政策通过。社会政策制定过程的最后一个环节是政策的审批与发布。

选择题

近似数是6.1的小数有（　　）

问答题

(46) It is known that the brain shrinks as the body ages, but the effects on mental ability are different from person to person. Interestingly, in a study of elderly men and women, those who had more education actually had more brain shrinkage.
"That may seem like bad news," said study author Dr. Edward Coffey, a professor of psychiatry and of neurology at Henry Ford Health System in Detroit. (47) However, he explained, the finding suggests that education allows people to withstand more brain tissue loss before their mental functioning begins to break down.
The study, published in the July issue of Neurology, is the first to provide biological evidence to support a concept called the "reserve" hypothesis, according to the researchers. In recent years, investigators have developed the idea that people who are more educated have greater cognitive reserves to draw upon as the brain ages; in essence, they have more brain tissue to spare.
(48) Examining brain scans of 320 healthy men and women aged 66 to 90, researchers found that for each year of education the subjects had, there was greater shrink age of the outer layer of the brain known as the cortex. Yet on tests of cognition and memory, all participants scored in the range indicating normal.
"Everyone has some degree of brain shrinkage," Coffey said. "People lose (on average) 2.5 percent per decade starting in adulthood."
There is, however, a "remarkable range "of shrinkage among people who show no signs of mental decline, Coffey noted. Overall health, he said, accounts for some differences in brain size. Alcohol or drug use, as well as medical conditions such as diabetes and high blood pressure, contribute to brain tissue loss throughout adulthood.
In the absence of such medical conditions, Coffey said, education level helps explain the range of brain shrinkage exhibited among the mentally-fit elderly. The more-educated can withstand greater loss.
(49) Coffey and colleagues gauged shrinkage of the cortex by measuring the cerebrospinal fluid surrounding the brain. The greater the amount of fluid, the greater the cortical shrinkage.
Controlling for the health factors that contribute to brain injury, the researchers found that education was related to the severity of brain shrinkage. For each year of education from first grade on, subjects had an average of 1.77 milliliters 11 more cerebrospinal fluid around the brain.
Just how education might affect brain cells is unknown. (50) In their report, the researchers speculated that in people with more education, certain brain structures deeper than the cortex may stay intact to compensate for cortical shrinkage.