问题 单项选择题

预选士官的培训由统一组织,有条件的也可由组织,在党委的领导下,由司令部牵头组织。()

A、大队中队

B、支队大队

C、总队支队

D、消防局总队

答案

参考答案:C

单项选择题

何谓文化向来狭义的解释,只指学术技艺而言,其为不当,自无待论。说得广的,又把一切人民都会的事都包括于文化之中,然而动物何以没有文化呢须知文化正是人之所以异于其他动物的。其异点安在呢凡动物,多能对外界的刺激而起反应,亦多能与外界相调适。然其与外界相调适,大抵出于本能,其力量极有限,而且永远不过如此。人则不然。所以人所处的世界,与动物所处的世界,大不相同。人之所以能如此,(一)由于有特异的脑筋,能想出种种法子。(二)其手和足的作用分开,能制造种种工具,能遂行其计划。(三)又有语言以相互交道,而其扩大的即为文字。此人之所知,所能,可以传之于彼;前人之所知,所能,并可以传之于后。因而人的工作,不是个个从头做起的,乃是相互接续着做的。不像赛跑的人,从同一地点出发,却像驿站上的驿夫,一个个连接着,向目的地进行。其所走的路线自然长,而后人所达到的,自非前人所能知了。然则文化,是因人有特异的禀赋,良好的交通工具而成就的控制环境的共业。动物也有进化,但它的进化,无非是改变其机体,以求与外界相适应,这是要靠遗传上变异淘汰等作用才能达到目的的,自然非常迟慢。人则只须改变其所用的工具和其对付事物的方法。我们身体的构造,绝无以异于野蛮人,而其控制环境的成绩,却大不相同,即由其一为生物进化,一为文化进化之故。人类学上,证明自冰期以后,人的体质无大变化。埃及的尸体解剖,亦证明其身构造,与现今的人相同。可见人类的进化,全是文化进化。恒人每以文化状况,与民族能力,并为一谈,实在是一个重大的错误。遗传学家,论社会的进化。过于重视个体的先天能力,也不免为此等俗见所累。至于有意夸张种族能力的,那更不啻自承其所谓进化,将返于生物进化了。从理论上说,人的行为,也有许多来自机体,和动物无以异的,然亦无不背上文化的色彩。如饮食男女之事,即其最显明之例。所以在理论上,虽不能将人类一切行为,都称为文化行为,在事实上,则人类一切行为,几无不与文化有关系。可见文化范围的广大。能了解文化,自然就能了解社会了。人类的行为,源于机体的,只是能力。其如何发挥此能力,则全因文化而定其形式。
(选自吕思勉《中国文化史·绪论》,《中国通史》,华东师范大学出版社,1991)

按照本文,种族论者的思想错误在于______。

A.不承认人能制造工具和制订计划 B.不承认人具有控制环境的能力
C.否认遗传上的变异淘汰等作用
D.将种族的能力归因于生物进化

单项选择题

The news from America’s housing market is getting no better. As sales declines and defaults and foreclosures climb, pessimists fear that over a million Americans could be driven out of their homes as adjustable-rate mortgages are reset. What should policymakers do Congress is eager to do more: hence the calls to expand the role of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, the giant government-sponsored enterprises (GSES) that tower over America’s mortgage market.

Fannie’s and Freddie’s political allies want two things. The first is the raising of the $417,000 limit on the size of loans that the pair may handle. The second demand is the lifting of caps on the amount of mortgages they may buy and hold for themselves. Fannie and Freddie could then ride to the rescue of struggling borrowers, injecting liquidity into parts of the market that have seized up. Their arguments are winning support, and opposition from the Bush administration and the GSES’ regulator is softening. Unfortunately, the ideas are likely to do more for Fannie and Freddie than for the mortgage market.

Start with the $417,000 limit. Lifting this could help if Fannie and Freddie scoured the upper bracket for borrowers who were struggling but viable. But their history suggests that they would cherry-pick those who could get refinanced elsewhere. And the huge-mortgage market may be correcting itself anyway: spreads over GSE-backed loans, though still unusually high, are falling.

It is also riskier. When they hold a mortgage, they take on not only credit risk but also interest-rate and prepayment risk. The loans they guarantee, in contrast, carry only credit risk. So as well as being just as effective, the guarantee business is also safer—and thus better for the taxpayer who unwittingly stands behind the GSES.

Moreover, even if they grow no more, the mortgage giants pose a clear systemic threat. Their portfolios of retained mortgages and mortgage-backed securities add up to no less than $1.4 trillion. It is bad enough that this is concentrated in two institutions. No matter how much risk they take or how they manage it, they can borrow at rock-bottom interest rates. If they got into trouble, banks as well as taxpayers would be on the hook. Banks may hold as much GSE debt as they want. Many have amounts that exceed their regulatory capital.

The giants were set up decades ago to help banks pool concentrated regional mortgage risk and to make housing more affordable. But as the market has grown deeper and more sophisticated, history has left them behind—hence their desire to get into any bit of the business that will turn a profit. The eventual aim should be to turn them into normal private-sector companies, by stripping them of the charters that give rise to the implicit government guarantees, and break them into smaller pieces.

According to the text, policy makers solve the problems in the housing market in the US by ()

A.Driving millions of people out of their houses

B.Calling on the expansion of GSES roles

C.Planning to stop resetting adjustable-interest mortgage

D.Doing nothing