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试阐述1970年代以来福利国家面临危机的原因及其应对。

答案

参考答案:

福利国家面临危机的原因:

1.福利支出快速增长,超出了经济增长的速度:福利需要相应的社会支出。在整个20世纪70年代,福利国家体系由于失业率的攀升、人口老龄化的加剧和医疗保障费用的增长二变得日益庞大。

2.全球化使福利国家的维系面临挑战:经济发展的迟缓尽管直接导致了政府财政收入的下降,但最为严重的冲击则来自全球化的影响。

3.福利引发的负面效应:福利所引发的社会负面效应也是经常被人诟病的危机之一,如依赖心理、福利不公平和自愿性失业等问题。

福利国家的改革:

1.意识形态的转变:福利国家的危机要促成福利改革产生还缺乏一个可以吧压力与反应连接在一起的动力机制,这就是政治和福利意识形态的转变。

2.福利改革的表现:(1)直接或间接地缩减福利,包括直接削减支出、降低福利水平、延期支付、缩短资助时间、减少福利项目,通过更具选择性的目标定位减少覆盖面等措施。(2)重新重视效率,包括在福利改革中引入市场竞争机制、私有化、市场化,并强调个人责任等措施。(3)开源,即直接或间接提高税收水平。

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Health officials in western Siberia are to begin in slaughter of thousands of birds today after identifying Russia’s first outbreak of a bird flu strain that can be fatal in humans. Doctors in neighboring Kazakhstan have also (1) that a 19-year-old poultry worker (2) admitted to hospital with (3) of bird flu, only to be diagnosed (4) double pneumonia.
The H5N1 strain of avian (5) has killed 60 people (6) 2fib in Vietnam, Thailand, Cambodia and Indonesia, but has rarely been found in birds or humans (7) Asia.
Health officials (8) that HSN1 is infecting migrating birds, which could spread the (9) into Europe. Earlier this year China registered the first outbreak of H5N1 (10) wild birds, some of which (11) to breeding grounds in Siberia. These birds could come (12) contact with others flying to Europe and North America.
Russia’s (13) began in the Novosibirsk (14) , about 1,750 miles (15) of Moscow in the Asian part of Russia, early last month, but the veterinary service (16) the virus only last week. Valery Mikheyev, the chief sanitary doctor of Novosibirsk, said that teams had been (17) the (18) birds and supervising the slaughter in13 (19) villages. He said, "The state of (20) of the inhabitants of these areas gives (21) cause for alarm. Up to 6,000 people are being (22) per day.
The virus seems to have (23) only private farms that let (24) mix with wild birds. Further outbreaks were registered in the Omsk and Altai regions, but the strain had (25) to be determined, Russia’s Emergency Situations Ministry said.