问题 单项选择题

公平原则是

A.以病人作为受试对象的试验
B.以人作为受试对象的试验
C.人体实验时必须要做到真正的知情同意
D.选择受试者的时候需遵循的
E.保障受试者身心安全

答案

参考答案:D

解析:[解题思路] 随着目前生物医学研究的深入开展,又由于它涉及人参与到实验中,使得科研领域既存在科学发展问题,又存在受试者保护等问题。病人和健康人都同时可以成为受试者,维护受试者的身心健康和安全,是人体实验的核心宗旨。根据世界医学会的《赫尔辛基直言》,当科学的发展和受试者的健康发生矛盾时,后者的利益是至上的。很多的细节问题需要注意,比如受试者的选择问题,招募受试者既是一个科学问题,又有伦理学考虑在其中,选择受试者的时候需要遵循公平原则。[命题规律] 考查“人体实验的伦理学问题”。必须掌握。

多项选择题
阅读理解

阅读理解。

     Motivation is defined as the intention of achieving a goal, leading to goal-directed behavior. It drives

us towards achieving our goals, and gives us a reason to do the things that are required to reach our goals. There are two kinds of motivation: outside and self-motivation.

     Outside motivation is motivation from an inspiring book, a story about courage, nature or even a child. You could be motivated after hearing a speech from an inspirational speaker or you might want to do

something for the community when you heard a heartwarming story. Sometimes, it is through outside

motivation that we think about our life and our achievements. Outside motivation gives you hope and

reminds you that it is possible to be successful and happy.

     There is no stronger motivation than self-motivation. People can tell you all kinds of inspiring stories,

advice and encouragement but if we have no desire to change, it can't motivate us. Self-motivation

requires us to look within ourselves to find the reason to drive us towards our goal. We accept and

acknowledge what is lacked in our life and make it our goal to change ourselves. Self-motivation requires

a lot of perseverance and belief. In self-motivation, we tell ourselves what we want to do; nobody and

nothing can otherwise inspire us to take action. We are in charge of our actions and emotions.

     Outside motivation could be the first step in helping us identify our goals. It gives us hope and

sometimes provides us with the guidelines towards achieving our goals. However, as this is other

people's experience, we might get side tracked or find it difficult to follow. Of course, we can be

de-motivated (消极的) too by our own self-motivation. However, as it comes from within us and we

master the process, self-motivation is a stronger and more secure way to help us achieve our goals.

1. Which of the following statements is NOT about outside motivation?

A. Other people can encourage us to reach our goals.

B. It's easy to follow other people's experiences to make progress.

C. Outside motivation gives us hope to achieve success.

D. A speech from a famous speaker may motivate us.

2. From the third paragraph, we learn that self-motivation ______ .

A. is more important than outside motivation.

B. comes into effect through outside motivation.

C. may make us easily doubt others' advice.

D. requires us to find the reason to succeed from outside.

3. The author showed his opinion by the following means EXCEPT ______ .

A. giving examples              

B. listing numbers

C. making comparisons          

D. using definitions

4. What would be the best title for the text? 

A. Motivation Helps Achieve Goals.

B. Two Ways To Achieve Goals.

C. Outside Motivation or Self-motivation: Which is stronger?

D. Outside Motivation: the Key to Success.