问题 问答题 论述题

什么是物流成本?如何理解?它有哪几种类型?

答案

参考答案:

(1)物流成本的概念:物流成本是指物流活动中所消耗的物化劳动和活劳动的货币表现,即产品在实物运动过程中,如包装、运输、储存、流通加工、物流信息等各个环节所支出人力、物力和财力的总和。物流成本是完成诸种物流活动所需的全部费用。

(2)物流成本的类型,对物流成本可以从不同的角度来进行观察和分析,分析和考虑的角度不同,物流成本的含义也就不同。按照人们进行物流成本管理和控制的不同角度,物流成本可以分为社会物流成本、货主企业(包括制造企业和商品流通企业)的物流成本以及物流企业的物流成本三个方面,其具体内涵如下:

①社会物流成本。社会物流成本又可以称为宏观物流成本,是核算一个国家在一定时期内发生的物流总成本,是不同性质企业微观物流成本的总和。国家和地方政府可以通过制定物流相关政策、进行区域物流规划、建设物流园区等措施来推动物流及相关产业的发展,从而降低整体的宏观物流成本。站在社会物流的角度,进行社会物流的优化,就要考虑物流成本的问题。物流成本占一国GDP的比重会因经济结构、发展阶段、测算指标和统计口径等的不同存在差异。通常认为,社会物流成本有三部分构成,即运输成本、存货持有成本、物流行政管理成本。

②货主企业物流成本。货主企业主要是指商品流通企业和制造企业。总的来说,制造企业物流是物流业发展的源动力,而流通企业是连接制造业和最终客户的纽带,制造企业和商业流通企业是物流服务的需求主体。流通企业物流成本的基本构成有:企业员工工资及福利费,支付给有关部门的服务费,如水电费等;经营过程中的合理消耗费,如储运费、物品合理损耗及固定资产折旧等;支付的贷款利息;经营过程中的各种管理成本,如差旅费、办公管理费等。制造企业的物流成本具体包括了从生产企业内部原材料和协作件的采购、供应开始,经过生产制造过程中的半成品存放、搬运、装卸、成品包装及运送到流通领域,进入仓库验收、分类、储存、保管、配送、运输,最后到消费者手中的全过程中发生的所有成本。

③物流企业物流成本。制造企业和流通企业是物流服务的需求主体,同时也是物流运营管理的主体,许多货主企业的物流业务是由企业内部的相关部门或二级公司来完成的。这就出现了对专业性物流服务企业的需求,由专业的物流企业来参与物流的运营管理,是社会专业化大生产的必然结果,也是提高物流效率,降低物流成本的有效途径。根据物流服务企业提供的服务类型,可以把物流企业分为两类。一类是提供功能性物流服务业务的物流企业,第二类是提供一体化物流服务的第三方物流企业,一般是指综合性的物流服务公司。物流企业在运营过程中发生的各项费用,都可以看成是物流成本。因此,可以说物流企业的物流成本包括了物流企业的所有各项成本和费用。实际上,从另一个角度看,当货主企业把物流业务外包给物流企业运营时,物流企业发生的各项支出构成了它的物流成本,而物流企业向货主企业的收费就构成了货主企业的物流成本。

单项选择题

Passage Two

When an invention is made, the inventor has three possible courses of action open to him: he can give the invention to the world by publishing it, keep the idea secret, or patent it.
A granted patent is the result of a bargain made between an inventor and the state, by which the inventor gets a limited period of monopoly (垄断) and publishes full details of his invention to the public after that period terminates (终止).
Only in most exceptional circumstances is the life-span of a patent extended to alter this normal process of events.
The longest extension ever granted was to Georges Valensi: his 1939 patent for color TV receiver circuitry was extended until 1971 because for most of the patent’s normal life there was no color TV to receive and thus no hope of reward for the invention.
Because a patent remains permanently public after it has terminated, the shelves of the library attached to the patent office contain details of literally millions of ideas that are free for anyone to use and, if older than half a century, sometimes even re-patent. Indeed, patent experts often advise anyone wishing to avoid the high cost of conducting a search through live patents that the one sure way of avoiding violation of any other inventor’s right is to plagiarize a dead patent. Likewise, because publication of an idea in any other form permanently invalidates (使无效) further patents on that idea, it is traditionally safe to take ideas from other areas of print. Much modern technological advance is based on these presumptions of legal security.
Anyone closely involved in patents and inventions soon learns that most "new" ideas are, in fact, as old as the hills. It is their reduction to commercial practice, either through necessity of dedication, or through the availability of new technology, that makes news and money. The basic patent for the theory magnetic recording dates back to 1886. Many of the original ideas behind television originate from the late 19th and early 20th century. Even the Volkswagen rear engine car was anticipated by a 1904 patent of a cart with the horse at the rear.

The main idea of the last paragraph is that ______ .

A.most new ideas are, in fact, as old as hills.

B.it is the reduction to commercial practice that makes news and money

C.many of the original ideas behind TV originated earlier

D.Volkswagen rear engine car originated from a cart with the horse at the rear

单项选择题