问题 问答题 简答题

《古船》对现实生活复杂性的描述和对历史文化的反思主要表现在哪些方面?

答案

参考答案:

山东作家张炜的《古船》,也以浓墨重彩地描绘齐鲁大地上的时代风云名重一时。《古船》是一部具有史诗品格的作品。小说以地处古莱子国故都,原为东方大港的胶东半岛上的洼狸镇为空间,叙述了隋、赵、李三大家族围绕一个粉丝厂而展开的历史与现实的争斗,将隋抱朴、隋见素、赵多多、赵炳、李常知等主要人物的相互争斗和内心搏斗贯穿其中:土改和还乡团复辟时期的“乱打乱杀”,合作化、“大跃进”、三年自然灾害时期的大饥荒,“ * * ”中对人性的任意践踏,以及经济改革时期普泛的道德水平的下降等。作家以全知全能的视角纵观洼狸镇的曲折与艰难,同时又随时变化视角,以隋抱朴的眼睛默默观察着这一切,让隋抱朴成为洼狸镇苦难的见证者和心灵的承受者。洼狸镇可以说是整个中国大地的缩影,几十年中国大地的风云变化都在这个小镇汇聚。老隋家以粉丝工业立家,父辈隋迎之作为资本家,在新旧社会的转换期由于将工厂上交国家获得了“开明绅士”的荣誉,但他作为一个真诚的忏悔者,终因心里的负疚感,吐血毙命于不断“还账”的途中。在以家庭出身和血缘论定人的价值的时代,剥削阶级的子女隋抱朴、隋见素、隋含章在后来历次的运动中备受压迫与欺凌。老赵家在土改中,由于赵炳表现突出、成分好,又是较早的 * * 党员.成为洼狸镇真正的实权派,同时也控制了粉丝厂。作为知识技术阶层的老李家,却因曾经服务于老隋家的粉丝厂、与老隋家交情深厚而受到歧视。在老赵家统治洼狸镇的时期,李家也不得不屈身于人。时逢改革年代,三个家族围绕着粉丝厂的归属问题和运行方式斗争不断,风波迭起。

镇上的铁腕人物赵炳被作家塑造得很有深度。他表面威严却内心阴险狡诈,深谙古代道家的政治权术,又以个人胆识在社会巨变中占得先机。他以一张无形的网,控制着洼狸镇的社会动向、经济命脉以及人的命运。他用卑鄙的方式霸占了隋含章,并令她有苦难言,一直默默忍受他的凌辱。他表面仁义淳厚,为民做主,背后却残酷无情地狠下毒手,形成洼狸镇长期的恐怖气氛。隋抱朴作为作家笔下一个理想人物,兼具农民的质朴和知识分子的内省意识。他亲眼目睹了父亲、母亲的惨死,亲眼见到了血腥的杀戮场面,认}只到了人性之恶、人性之残忍,认识到了人本身才是最可怕的。长期处于这样的环境下,他变得沉默、变得胆怯,将沉重的苦难和罪恶压在了自己的背上,让心灵不断地承受着罪过的煎熬。对于闹闹的示爱,他选择了逃避,当闹闹被人凌辱后.他又陷入了对自我的惩罚中;他的彷徨和怯懦使他失去了心爱的小葵,这些种种又化为他的忏悔。隋抱朴可以说是作家忏悔意识的象征。同时,隋抱朴又是一个对历史和人生不断思索的人、一个有着良知的人,粉丝厂的几次“倒缸”都被他力挽狂澜,起死回生。他的内心考虑的始终是洼狸镇的乡亲、洼狸镇的苦难,而不是小家和自我。他钻研《 * * 党宣言》,努力从中寻找摆脱整个镇子苦难的途径。作家对隋抱朴思索大于行动的方式也表示了间接的批评,让他最终由沉默走向了实践,临危之际担当起了主持粉丝厂的重任。他是行动的弱者,却是思想的强者,正是他的这些道德的光辉使得他在洼狸镇树立了一种威信,他本身也成为道德的化身。可以说,道德的力量才是作家呼唤的终极目标,张炜也因此而被称作道德理想主义者。90年代以后,作家的这一倾向更为显著。

单项选择题
单项选择题

Recent years have brought minority-owned businesses in the United States unprecedented opportunities--as well as new and significant risks. Civil right activists have long argued that one of the principal reasons why Blacks, Hispanics and other minority groups have difficulty establishing themselves in business is that they lack of access to the sizable orders and subcontracts that are generated by large companies. Now Congress, in apparent agreement, has required by law that businesses awarded federal contracts of more than $500,000 do their best to find minority subcontractors and record their efforts to do so on forms filed with the government. Indeed, some federal and local agencies have gone so far as to set specific percentage goals for apportioning parts of public works contracts to minority enterprises.

Corporate response appears to have been substantial. According to figures collected in 1977, the total of corporate contracts with minority businesses rose from $77 million in 1972 to 1.1 billion in 1977. The projected total of corporate contracts with minority businesses for the early 1980’s is estimated to be over $ 3 billion per year with no letup anticipated in the next decade.

Promising as it is for minority businesses, this increased patronage poses dangers for them, too. First, minority firms risk expanding too fast and overextending themselves financially, since most are small concerns and, unlike large businesses, they often need to make substantial investment in new plants, staff, equipment and the like in order to perform work subcontracted to them. If, thereafter, their subcontracts are for some reason reduced, such firms can face potentially crippling fixed expenses. The world of corporate purchasing can be frustrating for small entrepreneurs who get requests for elaborate formal estimates and bids. Both consume valuable time and resources, and a small company’s efforts must soon result in orders, or both the morale and the financial health of the business will suffer.

A second risk is that White-owned companies may seek to cash in on the increasing apportionment through formation of joint ventures with minority-owned concerns. Of course, in many instances there are legitimate reasons for joint ventures; clearly, White and minority enterprises can team up to acquire business that neither could acquire alone. But civil right groups and minority business owners have complained to Congress about minorities being set up as "fronts" with White backing, rather than being accepted as full partners in legitimate joint ventures.

Third, a minority enterprise that secures the business of one large corporate customer often runs the danger of becoming and remaining dependent. Even in the best of circumstances, fierce competition from larger, more established companies makes it difficult for small concerns to broaden their customer bases; when such firms have nearly guaranteed orders from a single corporate benefactor, they may truly have to struggle against complacency arising from their current success. (469 words)

Notes: civil rights activists 公民权利激进分子。Hispanics 西班牙后裔美国人。sizable orders 大额订单。subcontract 转包合同。on forms filed with the government 在政府存档备案。percentage goals 指标。apportionment 分配,分派。public works 市政工程。letup 减弱,缓和。promising as it is...这是as引导的让步状语从句,表语倒装了。patronage 优惠。concern n.公司。and the like 以及诸如此类的。crippling fixed expenses 引起损失的固定开支。the world of 大量的。bid 投标。to cash in on...靠……赚钱。team up 一起工作,合作。"fronts" 在此处意为“摆门面”。complacency 自满。

The text suggests that the failure of a large business to have its bids for subcontracts result quickly in orders might cause it to()

A. experience frustration but not serious financial harm

B. have to record its efforts on forms filed with the government

C. increase its spending with minority subcontractors

D. revise its procedure for making bids for federal contracts and subcontracts