问题 问答题 论述题

联系实际论述期望理论的应用价值。

答案

参考答案:

弗鲁姆的期望理论认为,人们在工作中的积极性或努力程度是效价和期望值的乘积。当行为者对某项活动及其结果的效用评价很多,而且估计自己获得这种效用的可能性很大,那么领导者用这种活动和结果来激励他就可取得良好的效果。

弗鲁姆的期望机率模式表示:激励力=某项活动成果的吸引力ⅹ期望机率

(1)“某项活动成果的吸引力”即一个人对某项活动可能产生的成果的评价。从逻辑上讲,某项活动成果对一个人的吸引力的大小,会激励他去实现、或不去实现这项活动。一定大小的负的吸引力(即排斥力)也会从反方向产生同等程度的激励作用。

(2)“期望机率”即一个人对某项活动导致某一成果的可能性大小的判断。它是个人主观的估计和评价,同客观上是否符合实际情况无关。至于它是否对个人起激励作用,以及所起激励作用的大小,也以这种主观判定的期望机率为依据。

(3)“激励力”是促使一个人采取某一活动的内驱力的强度。所以,为了激励职工,企业管理者应该一方面使职工了解某项活动成果的吸引力大小,并尽可能加大这种吸引力;另一方面要采取措施帮助职工实现其期望,提高其期望机率,以便提高激励力。

完形填空

Jim, a successful businessman, told the experience of his childhood.
When he was 12, his parents   1 . He was alone and didn’t get on well with others. People always laughed   2  him. No one showed kindness (友善) to him. His only friend was a dog named Tige.
One day as he walked down the street, a young lady was walking in front of him. Suddenly one of her bags dropped from her arms. As she stopped   3 , she dropped other bags. He came to help her.“Thank you, dear! You are a nice little boy!”She said kindly, smiling.
A special feeling came to him. These were   4  kind words he had ever heard. He watched her   5  she went far away, and he whistled(吹口哨)to his dog and went directly to the river nearby.
“Thank you, dear! You are a nice little boy!”he repeated the woman’s words. Then in a low   6  he said to his dog,“You are a nice little dog!”Tige raised   7  ears as if(似乎)it understood.
“Uhum! Even a dog likes it!”he said,“Well, Tige, I won’t say unkind words to you any more.”Tige waved its tail happily.
The boy thought and thought. Finally he looked at himself in the river. He saw   8  but a dirty boy. He washed his face   9 . Again he looked. He saw a clean nice boy. He was amazed (震惊). From then on, he had a new life.
After telling this, the businessman stopped for a while, and then he said,“Ladies and gentlemen, this is the very place where that kind woman planted in me the first seed (种子) of kindness. All of us should learn about kindness.   10  a great power it has!” If you show kindness to others, you will be an able man.
小题1:
A.deadB.dyingC.diedD.die
小题2:
A.atB.toC./D.of
小题3:
A.picking it upB.picking up itC.to pick up itD.to pick it up
小题4:
A.the firstB.firstC.the lastD.the first time
小题5:
A.untilB.beforeC.whenD.while
小题6:
A.soundB.noiseC.noisyD.voice
小题7:
A.somethingB.nothingC.anythingD.somebody
小题8:
A.carefullyB.carefulC.carelessD.carelessly
小题9:
A.WhatB.HowC.ItD.It seemed
单项选择题