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试述科学管理理论的主要内容

答案

参考答案:

1.科学管理的目的。泰勒认为,科学管理的根本目的是提高劳动生产率。 

2.科学管理的原则。对工人操作的每个动作进行科学研究,用以替代老的单凭经验的办法。(以便于制定合理的工作定额;)

第二,科学地挑选工人,并进行培训和教育,使之成长;而在过去,则是由工人任意挑选自己的工作,并根据其各自的可能进行自我培训。(提高工人素质)

第三,与工人们亲密协作,以保证一切工作都按已发展起来的科学原则去办。(管理者与管理对象高度统一起来)

第四,资方和工人们之间在工作和职责上几乎是均分的,资方把自己比工人更胜任的那部分工作承揽下来;而在过去,几乎所有的工作和大部分的职责都推到了工人们身上。(职能区分开)

3.作业管理。这是科学管理理论的一个重要的内容。它可分为:

(1)为作业挑选“第一流的工人”。在泰勒看来,每一个人都具有不同的天赋和才能,只要工作适合于他,就都能成为第一流的工人。

(2)制定科学的工作方法。采用科学的方法能够对工人的操作方法、使用的工具、劳动和休息的时间进行合理的搭配,同时对机器安排和作业环境等进行改进,消除各种不合理的因素,把最好的因素结合起来,从而形成一种标准的作业条件。

(3)实行激励性的工资制度。它包括三部分:

①通过工时研究进行观察和分析,以确定“工资率”即工资标准。

②差别计件工资制,即按照工人是否完成定额而采用不同的工资率,如果工人达到或超过定额,就按高的工资率付给报酬,通常是正常工资的125%,以表示鼓励;如果工人的生产没有达到定额,就将全部工作量按低的工资率付给,为正常工资的80%,并发给一张黄色的工票以示警告,如不改进就将被解雇。

③“把钱给人而不是职位”,即工资是根据工人的实际工作表现,而不是根据工人的工作类别支付。这样做的目的是克服工人磨洋工的现象,调动工人的生产积极性。

4.组织管理。

(1)把计划职能与执行职能分开,用科学的工作方法取代传统的凭经验工作的方法。泰勒认为,劳动生产率不仅受工人的劳动态度、工作定额、作业方法和工资制度等因素的影响,同时还受管理人员组织、指挥的影响。为此,泰勒主张明确划分计划职能和执行职能。

计划职能归管理当局,设立专门的计划部门。其主要任务是:

①进行调查研究,以便为制定定额和操作方法提供依据。

②制定有科学依据的定额和标准化的操作方法、工具。

③拟订计划、发布指示和命令。④把标准和实际情况进行比较,以便进行有效的控制。

(2)职能工长制。这是根据工人的具体操作过程,进一步对分工进行细化而形成的。

泰勒设计出8个职能工长,来代替原来的一个职能工长。这8个工长,4个(工作命令工长、工时成本工长、工作程序工长、纪律工长)在计划部门,4个(工作分派工长、速度工长、修理工长、检验工长)在车间。

在实际工作中,由于一个工人同时接受几个职能工长的多头领导,容易引起混乱,所以没有得到推广。但是泰勒的职能管理思想,是把总经理的权力交给低一级的专业管理人员承担的一种分权的尝试,为以后职能部门的建立和管理的专业化提供了启发和思路。

(3)例外原则。指企业的高级管理人员把一般的日常事物授权给下级管理人员去处理,自己只保留对例外事项也就是重要事项的决策权和控制权,比如有关重大的企业战略问题和重要人事的任免等。例外原则是泰勒做出的重要贡献之一,它至今仍是管理中极为重要的原则。

5.心理革命。泰勒认为,真正的科学管理和只追求效率的一阵风式的做法是完全不同的,这种不同就在于雇主和工人之间都必须进行一场“心理革命”。这场伟大的革命就是双方把注意力从分配剩余的问题上移开,转向增加剩余上,以友好合作和互相帮助来代替对抗和斗争,共同使剩余额猛增,以致工人工资和制造商的利润都大大增加。

选择题

     Parents are the closest people to you in the world. They love you just

because you are you. And they would do anything for you. Like a lot of

middle school students, Zhuang Shuxia has a problem. She and her parents

don’t get on well.

     "I really want to be my daddy's little girl. But it feels like he just doesn't

understand. He just says something to me and doesn't listen,"said Zhuang, a

Junior 3 student in Shijiazhuang, Hebei.

     Do you and your parents also have problems?

     Well, why don't you all take a walk and have a talk on Saturday? It's the

International Day of Families. On May 15, people around the world give

thanks for good things about their families and work on family problems.

     A study last year showed that 1,500 Beijing families had the same

problem as Zhuang's family: The children, 12 to 15 years old, didn't like

talking with their parents much. They weren't happy at home.

     Of course, lots of kids feel that way. But you and your parents will be

much happier if you can be friends. Here are some ways to have a good talk with them:

     ◆ Find a good time to talk, like when you're eating dinner, going out for a walk or watching TV.

     ◆ Tell them something you're interested in, or ask them about their lives when they were young. They love to talk about it.

     ◆ Listen to them carefully, and look them in the eye.

     ◆ Be honest. Your parents will trust you more. And a trusting family is a happy family.

     1. What is Zhuang Shuxia's problem?

          A. Her father thinks she is old enough.

          B. Her father doesn't like to talk with her.

          C. She really wants to be a little girl again.

          D. She and her father don't understand each other well.

     2. What does the writer suggest the students do on the International Day of Families?

          A. They should remember the special day for the families in the world.

          B. They should take a walk and have a talk with their parents.

          C. They should do something to celebrate the International Day of

Families.

          D. They should help others to solve their family problems.

     3. How does the writer know 1,500 families had the same problem as

Zhuang's family?

          A. From a study made in Beijing.

          B. From reports about family problems.

          C. From discussions with parents and their children.

          D. From a report on the International Day of Families.

     4. Who may be the best readers of the passage?

          A. Scientists        

          B. Teachers          

          C. Teenagers        

          D. Parents

     5 . In this passage the writer tells the children, 12 to 15 years old, _____.

          A. how to show their thanks to their parents

          B. how to make friends with their parents

          C. how to feel happier at home in different ways

          D. how to win their parents' trust by listening to their parents

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