问题 单项选择题

我国目前实施的儿童基础免疫程序包括下列哪种疫苗()。

A.脊髓灰质炎活疫苗

B.白百破混合制剂

C.卡介苗与麻疹疫苗

D.乙型肝炎疫苗

E.以上均是

答案

参考答案:E

解析:所谓免疫程序,从广义上讲,是指需要接种的疫苗种类、接种的先后次序及其要求。免疫程序主要包括儿童基础免疫程序和成人或特殊职业人群、特殊地区疫苗接种程序两种形式。免疫程序的设计,一般需根据传染病的流行特征、疫苗的生物学特性和免疫效果、人群免疫应答能力和实施免疫预防的具体条件等因素进行考虑,其具体内容涉及初次免疫起始月龄、全程免疫次数及其间隔时间、加强免疫年龄等。目前我国实施的儿童基础免疫程序见下表:初次免疫时间的确定是极其重要的,因为月龄过小有母体被动抗体干扰而影响抗体产生。同时,月龄过小免疫功能形成不够完善也影响免疫应答。如果拖延接种时间必然会增加患病危险。因此,初次免疫起始月龄,一般从机体能产生理想免疫应答和受疾病威胁的起始月龄的时间来考虑。而接种次数,是保证机体形成有效保护作用所必需的。灭活疫苗1次接种仅仅起到动员机体产生抗体作用,一般产生抗体水平低、不持久,往往需要接种第2次或第3次才能使机体获得巩固的免疫力。不过活疫苗一般比灭活疫苗好。有的活疫苗1次免疫,就可产生理想的免疫应答。如果疫苗全程接种需要2次或3次,每次之间须有一定间隔。近年来研究表明,两次接种之间长间隔较短间隔产生免疫应答好,特别是含有吸附剂疫苗。因此,中断免疫程序的接种无须重新开始或增加接种次数。但是,长间隔势必推迟产生保护性抗体的时间,所以要求在1周以内完成儿童基础免疫。

多项选择题
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A machine which makes water out of air could become the greatest household invention since the microwave. Using the same technology as a dehumidifier (除湿器), the Water Mill is able to create a ready supply of drinking water by getting it from a limitless source-the air. The company behind the machine says not only does it offer all alterative to bottled water in developed countries,but it is a solution for the millions who face a daily water shortage.

The machine works by drawing in damp air through a filter(过滤器) and over a cooling element which changes it into water droplets.It can produce up to 12 liters a day.The Water Mill will also produce more water when storms pass over, as the humidity(湿度)in the air increases.In keeping with its ecodevelopment,the machine uses the same amount of electricity as three light bulbs.

Inventor Jonathan Ritchey said:“The demand for water is off the chart.People are looking for freedom from water distribution systems that are shaky and unreliable”.

The machine,which is about 3 feet wide,is likely to cost£800 when it goes on sale here in the spring.Its maker, Canadian firm Element Four, estimates that a liter of water will cost around 20 pence to produce.

Environmentalists claim half the world’s population will face water shortage because of climate change by 2080.One in five humans is said to lack access to safe drinking water.

The Water Mill is not effective in areas with below about 30 percent relative humidity, but with average relative humidity in England of more than 70 percent that won’t be much of an issue here.

小题1:According to the author, the biggest advantage of the machine is its ______.

A.little power use

B.unlimited source

C.proper size

D.high production小题2:We can conclude from the passage that the machine________.

A.can be used everywhere

B.has not been on sale

C.will replace the water distribution system

D.will solve the problem of water shortage小题3:The underlined phrase “off the chart” in the passage means ________

A.record-breaking.

B.urgent.

C.unbelievable.

D.amazing.小题4:What would be the best title for this passage?________

A.Microwave for Household Use

B.Filter to Draw in Damp Air

C.Mode Dehumidifier on Sale

D.Machine to Make Water out of Air