问题 问答题 案例分析题

弯山隧道是某高速公路第七合同段的一座分离式隧道,双向6车道,宽2×14m。左线ZK44+300~ZK45+700,长度1400m,右线YK44+310~YK45+722.3,长度1412.3m,洞身围岩为Ⅱ级~Ⅳ级,施工单位按新奥法组织施工,为防止左右洞在同一断面同时开挖,对两隧道之间围岩产生较大的影响,采用右洞从进口主攻、左洞从出口主攻的方法开挖。隧道立面示意图见下图。

开挖采用钻爆法施工,采用光面爆破技术开挖。进出口主要各配备1台凿岩台车钻眼,1台挖掘机配合1台侧卸式装载机装碴,6台15t自卸汽车出碴。洞口Ⅳ级围岩采用超前小导管注浆及超前砂浆锚杆、钢筋网喷射混凝土、钢拱架支护,Ⅲ级围岩采用组合锚杆、喷射钢纤维混凝土支护。支护施工中,施工单位采用的工序包括:①开挖;②超前支护;③初喷;④锚杆、钢筋网、钢拱架;⑤复喷至设计厚度。该隧道洞内Ⅲ、Ⅳ类围岩采用HBC422组合式锚杆,超前砂浆锚杆采用钻机钻孔;Ⅳ级围岩地段锚杆孔均采用电工手持YT28风钻钻眼;Ⅲ级围岩锚杆孔均采用台车钻眼,采用高压注浆泵注浆。喷射混凝土采用于喷工艺施作。施工中施工单位认真落实超前地质预报和监控量测工作,确保隧道施工不出现塌方事故。隧道监测项目见下表。

1.写出正确的支护施工工序。

2.指出初期支护中的错误做法。

答案

参考答案:

1.②超前支护(超前小导管、超前砂浆锚杆)→①开挖→③初喷→⑤锚杆、钢筋网、钢拱架→④复喷至设计厚度。

2.喷射混凝土应采用潮喷或湿喷工艺施作。

解析:

本案例第1问主要考查隧道支护施工。超前支护应在开挖前进行,初期支护应紧跟开挖施工,则支护施工工序为:超前支护(超前小导管、超前砂浆锚杆)→开挖→初喷→锚杆、钢筋网、钢拱架→复喷至设计厚度。

本案例第2问主要考查喷射混凝土。喷射混凝土的工艺流程有干喷、潮喷、湿喷和混合喷。(1)干喷法是将水泥、砂、石在干燥状态下拌和均匀,用压缩空气送至喷嘴并与压力水混合后进行喷射的方法。因喷射速度大,粉尘污染及回弹情况较严重,隧道内喷射混凝土施工不得采用干喷工艺。(2)潮喷法是将骨料预加少量水,使之呈潮湿状,再加水泥拌和,送至喷嘴处并与压力水混合后进行喷射的方法。与干喷相比,上料、拌和及喷射时的粉尘少。目前,施工现场较多使用的是潮喷工艺。(3)湿喷法是将水泥、砂、石和水按比例拌和均匀,用湿喷机压送至喷嘴进行喷射的方法。湿喷法的粉尘和回弹量少,喷射混凝土的质量容易控制,但对喷射机械要求较高,机械清洗和故障处理较麻烦。软弱围岩特别是黄土隧道以及渗水隧道不宜使用潮喷,而改用湿喷较好。(4)混合喷射工艺的粉尘和回弹率较干喷法有大幅度降低,但工艺复杂,使用机械多,机械清洗和故障处理很麻烦,一般只用在喷射混凝土量大和大断面隧道工程中。

阅读理解

阅读理解。

     Many cities around the world today are heavily polluted.Careless methods of production and lack of

consumer demand for environment (环境) friendly products have contributed to the pollution problem.

One result is that millions of tons of glass, paper, plastic, and metal containers are produced, and these

are difficult to get rid of.

     However, today, more and more consumers are choosing "green" and demanding that the products they

buy should be safe for the environment.Before they buy a product,they ask questions like these: "Will this

shampoo damage the environment?" "Can this metal container be reused or can it only be used once?"

     A recent study showed that two out of five adults now consider the environmental safety of a product

before they buy it. This means that companies must now change the way they make and sell their products

to make sure that they are "green," that is,friendly to the environment.

     Only a few years ago, it was impossible to find green products in supermarkets,but now there are

hundreds.Some supermarket products carry labels (标签) to show that the product is green. Some

companies have made the manufacturing (生产) of clean and safe products their main selling point and

emphasize it in their advertising.

     The concern for a safer and cleaner environment is making companies rethink how they do business.

No longer will the public accept the old attitude of "Buy it, use it,throw it away, and forget it. "The public

pressure is on, and gradually business is cleaning up its act.

1. It becomes clear from the text that the driving force (动力) behind green products is _____.

A. public caring for the environment

B. companies,desire for bigger sales

C. new ways of doing business

D. rapid growth of supermarkets

2. What would be the best title for the text?

A. Business and People

B. Business Goes Green

C. Shopping Habits Are Changing

D. Supermarkets and Green Products

3. The underlined word "it" in the fourth paragraph refers to _____.

A. a selling point

B. the company name

C. a great demand for health foods

D. the manufacturing of green products

多项选择题