问题 单项选择题 A型题

某研究者为了验证氯霉素对伤寒的疗效,在408例伤寒患者中进行对照实验,其中251例用氯霉素治疗,其余157例不用。结果使用组251人中死亡20人,病死率7.07%;未用组在人体实验中使用对照组、安慰剂和双盲法()

A.是对病人的一种欺骗

B.是违背人道主义原则的

C.是违背知情同意原则的

D.以征服疾病为目的,为发展医学,在严格控制并不损害患者利益的范围之内使用这一方法,是合乎医学道德的

E.是医学科研中经过考验的正确方法,可以在人体实验中广泛应用

答案

参考答案:D

阅读理解

任务型阅读

       Pearl and June were good friends and spent most of their time together. They were both very old and they worried about their health. Most of the time they talked about nothing else. They worried about their

food. Was it clean? Would it give them pains in the stomach? They worried about the weather. Was it too cold and wet? Would it give them pains in their bones? They worried about pollution in the air. Would it

give them pains in their chests(胸) and throats(咽喉)? They worried about being hurt in a car accident,

killed in an airplane crash(坠落), getting sick, and so on. All they could think about was being ill or hurt.

One day they went on a train journey together. "We'll need some food," Pearl said.

       "We'll buy some bananas," June said. "They are good to eat and always clean." And so they bought

two bananas to eat on the train. It was not long before they were hungry. Pearl took out the bananas and

gave one to June. Then she peeled(剥开) the skin of her banana and took a large bite of it. At that moment the train went into a tunnel(隧道). Everything went black. "Don't eat your banana," Pearl shouted at June. "Mine has made me go blind(瞎的)!"

根据短文内容,填入所缺的单词。

1. The two ladies worried a lot about ___________________.

2. They were both ___________________ of being hurt in an accident.

3. ___________________ suggested they would buy bananas for their journey.

4. Pearl peeled her banana ___________________ she ate it.

5. Everything went black because ___________________.

阅读理解

阅读理解。

     For some time past it has been widely accepted that babies-and other creatures-learn to do things because

certain acts lead to "rewards"; and there is no reason to doubt that this is true. But it used also to be widely

believed that effective rewards, at least in the early stages, had to be directly related to such basic physiological

(生理的) "drive" as thirst or hunger. In other words, a baby would learn if he got food or drink or some sort

of physical comfort, not otherwise.

     It is now clear that this is not so. Babies will learn to behave in ways that produce results in the world with

no reward except the successful outcome.

     Paousek began his studies by using milk in the normal way to "reward" the babies and so teach them to

carry out some simple movements, such as turning the head to one side or the other. Then he noticed that a

baby who had enough to drink would refuse the milk but would still go on making the learned response with

clear signs of pleasure. So he began to study the children's response in situation where no milk was provided.

He quickly found that children as young as four months would learn to turn their heads to right or left if the

movement"switched on a display of lights-and indeed that they were able to learn quite complicated turns to

bring about this result, for instance, two left or two right, or even to make as many as three turns to one side. 

     Papousek's light display was placed directly in front of the babies and he made the interesting observation

that sometimes they would turn back to watch the lights closely although they would "smile and bubble" when

the display came on. Papousek concluded that it was not primarily the sight of lights which pleased them, it

was the success that they were achieving in solving the problem, in mastering the skill, and that there exists a

fundamental human urge to make sense of the world and bring it under intentional control.

1. According to the author, babies learn to do things which _____.

A. are directly related to pleasure

B. will meet their physical needs

C. will bring them a feeling of success

D. will satisfy their curiosity

2. Papousek noticed in the studies that a baby _____.

A. would make learned response when it saw the milk

B. would carry out learned movements when it had enough to drink

C. would continue the simple movements without being given milk

D. would turn its head to right or life when it had enough to drink

3. In Papousek's experiment babies make learned movements of the head in order to _____.

A. have the lights turned on

B. be rewarded with milk

C. please their parents

D. be praised

4. According to Papousek, the pleasure babies get in achieving is a reflection of _____.

A. a basic human desire to understand and control the world

B. the satisfaction of certain physiological needs

C. their strong desire to solve complex problem

D. a fundamental human urge to display their learned skills