问题 综合题

【20世纪的战争与和平】

阅读下列材料,结合所学知识回答问题。

材料-   1940年春,德军在欧洲战场有了新的进展。与此同时,日本进一步确定了“北守南进”的政策,企图通过“南进”切断滇越、滇缅等外国援蒋交通线;但美国不久废除日美通商航海条约。又于1940年7月2日宣布对武器、军需物资和飞机零件等实行输出许可证;日军在上述张鼓峰和诺门坎对苏武装挑衅失败后,“北进”计划受到沉重打击;而苏联又于1939年8月23日签订互不侵犯条约,日本无力单独对苏作战;欧洲战局急变,日本以为英国危在旦夕,德国必胜,应乘机“南进”,夺取英、法、荷在东南亚的殖民地。为此,1941年10月日本海军统帅部联合制定了南方作战计划,其作战方案以海空精锐组成机动部队,由北方航线偷袭美国太平洋舰队的主要基地珍珠港,沉重打击美国海军主力。然后迅速进攻马来亚和菲律宾……日本的整个作战计划是建筑在发动突然袭击取胜的侥幸心理和对战争各方力量的错误估计之上的。同时,他们盲目迷信德国法西斯的叫嚣,相信“已经确保乌克兰宝库的德国,今后将掌握高加索油田,进一步攻略近东、苏伊士运河,从而称霸欧洲大陆”,而且过高估计自己力量,以为能在东方“确立战略优势,同时确保重要资源地区和主要交通线,造成长期自给自足的态势”。这种战争指导计划,其失败是不可避免的。

——摘自吴廷缪《日本史》

材料二 日本的政府要人们从未希望要真正征服美国,他们是希望用大量击沉美国舰艇的方式促使美国分崩离析,就像他们在1905年打败俄国人那样,最后同意谈判,把他们夺取的领土让给日本。山本五十六虽然袭击了珍珠港,杀死2400个美国人,但是,他却立刻使美国人民团结一心。从那时起,他们从未动摇过,决心战斗到彻底的胜利。

——摘自(美)E-B.波特《海上力量——世界海军史》

(1)根据材料一并结合所学知识,概括日军制定“北守南进”政策的背景,并分析“日军南方作战计划,其失败是不可避免的”这一观点的依据。(9分)

(2)结合所学知识,论证材料二的观点。(6分)

答案

(1)德国的胜利刺激了日本南进的欲望;切断外国援蒋交通线,迫使国民政府投降;美国对日本实行经济制裁,日本迫切希望夺取南洋资源;日本对苏联挑衅失败,“北进”计划受挫;《苏德互不侵犯条约》的签订;对欧洲战局估计错误。“其失败是不可避免的”这一观点的依据:发动突然袭击取胜的侥幸心理;认为美英等国将主力用于欧洲同德国作战(对战争各方力量的错误估计);斯大林格勒战役的胜利使欧洲战场发生转折,日军对欧洲战场的预测失败;中国远征军人缅甸作战,牵制或减缓了日军行动,日军未能确立战略优势;

(2)观点:日军作战目的是迫使美国屈服,夺取美国占有的殖民地;但其计划并未成功(失败了)。论据:日本只是暂时获得太平洋上的制海权;太平战争爆发后二战扩大;美国国内的孤立主义情绪消歇,美国参加二战;加速反法西斯同盟的建立,取得太平洋战争的胜利。

题目分析:(1)从材料“美国不久废除日美通商航海条约”、“宣布对武器、军需物资和飞机零件等实行输出许可证”、“苏联又于1939年8月23日签订互不侵犯条约,日本无力单独对苏作战”、“欧洲战局急变,日本以为英国危在旦夕,德国必胜”等信息可以看出日军南下政策制定的背景。其“失败是不可避免的”主要是从日军对战略的误判以及国际对法西斯势力的战争局势的变化的角度进行分析。(2)从材料可以分析的出材料二的观点是日军作战目的是迫使美国屈服,夺取美国占有的殖民地;但其计划并未成功。论据可以从二战的局势发展等角度进行分析。

阅读理解

Even if you are naturally shy, these three tricks will help you to quickly build a new social circle in any new city.

1. Take pictures.

One of the great things about taking pictures at an event or party is that it gives you an excuse to get in touch with the person later. Everybody loves seeing pictures of themselves, and it’s very easy after taking a picture to say “If you’d like I can email it to you”. This can be the seed that leads to new connections. The next time you hear about a fun event, email your new contacts to let them know about it.

2. Eat alone in public.

You might feel self-conscious eating by yourself but it has an important benefit: you are much easier to approach when you are alone. People may be afraid of interrupting you or being rude if you are in a conversation with someone else. Bring a book or newspaper to read (this will make you feel less self-conscious). Plus, having an interesting book with you will give others an excuse to start a conversation if they’ve read it.

3. Join a class, sports team, or club.

Yoga, salsa dancing, volleyball, Toastmasters (a public speaking club), a class for work, etc. Take up a new hobby or continue an old one!

These are all great places to meet new people, primarily because you will be forced to see the same people over and over again in the class. You will automatically make friends with them if you have a common interest and are forced to see each other again.

Tips:

* In the beginning, never turn down an invitation from someone, even if it’s something you wouldn’t normally do.

* Email your new friends with fun things to do instead of always asking what their plans are. If they have a better plan you can drop yours and join them. This will help establish you as someone who is contributing value instead of just taking it (people want this in a friend).

* Don’t let little things in life upset you or be a negative person. People don’t want to be around someone like that!

小题1:According to the text, which of the following is NOT mentioned as an advantage of joining a class?

A.It helps you find out people who share a common interest with you.

B.It helps you find out your interest and take up a new hobby.

C.It offers an opportunity to meet the same people repeatedly.

D.It is a good way to meet new people and make friends in a new city.小题2: Which of the following pieces of advice is a tip from the text?

A.Try to be outgoing and talkative instead of being shy.

B.Never turn down an invitation from your friends.

C.Offer suggestions on how to spend time together.

D.Always give a positive response to any request.小题3:By writing the text, the author intends to tell us ________.

A.why you should change when you move to a new city

B.how you can make new friends in a new city

C.why you should make new friends in a new city

D.how you can keep in touch with strangers

多项选择题