问题 综合题

【24分】二十世纪远东太平洋地区的国际关系,主要体现在美国、日本、中国的关系上,而美国在其中居主导地位。阅读下列材料并结合所学知识回答问题。

材料一:在巴黎和会上,美国总统威尔逊说:“我们参加世界战争主要目的是维持条约的神圣,中日两国既有1915年的中日协定于前,又有1918年换文于后,在这种情况下,山东问题似无法变更。

(华盛顿会议)经过两个半月的讨价还价,中国获得的成果有:修改关税率,从现行的名义5%,改为实值税率5%。其后,在一个特别委员会认可下,中国开征附加税。日本撤销“二十一条”要求中之第五款,即废除此条中实际要把中国变成日本保护国的各项要求。日本同时放弃其它一些特惠权。实际是由“九国公约”取代日中双方原订之“二十一条”。英国放弃了威海租借地。法国同意归还广州湾租借地。特别是在山东问题上,按中日双方《解决山东悬案条约》规定,日本将胶州湾德国原租借地交还中国,日本军队撤出山东;日本将胶济铁路交还中国……按协定日本于1922年12月10日向中国移交了胶济铁路。

——《华盛顿会议上中国外交的教训》

(1)材料一中,在巴黎和会上美国对山东问题持何态度?(2分)巴黎和会是如何处理山东问题的?(2分)

(2)依据材料一简要归纳中国在华盛顿会议上争得的权益。(4分)结合所学知识概括回答中国为什么能够争得这些权益?(4分)

材料二:1941年8月,大西洋会晤中丘吉尔建议罗斯福发表一个照会,表示:“日本向太平洋西南地区的任何程度的进一步推进,将会造成美国政府被迫采取反击措施,甚至导致美国和日本发生战争的局势。”罗斯福私下的反应是:“他(丘吉尔)要我们支持他。现在他对东方---香港、马来西亚、印度、缅甸很不放心。我们不得不一次又一次地拒绝他的恐吓日本的坚决要求,因为我们尽一切可能不给日本有进攻我们的借口。”

(3)材料二中,为什么罗斯福要拒绝丘吉尔的建议?(2分)结合所学知识回答后来什么事件使美国卷进了世界大战?用史实说明该事件发生后,美国对日本和中国政策的调整情况。(5分)

材料三:1950年1月12日,艾奇逊在谈到美国的亚洲政策时说:“太平洋地区的安全就是美国的安全。”美国的防区(即远东军事包围圈)“自阿留申(群岛)起,经日本直到琉球群岛(指台湾)”自“琉球群岛起,到菲律宾。”

——《二十世纪美国史》

(4)为实现材料三中的政策,20世纪50年代初美国对中国和日本各采取了什么措施?(3分)

(5)以上材料反映了美国处理与中国和日本关系的基本原则是什么?(2分)

答案

(1)态度:反对中国收回山东(2分)。将德国在山东的权益交给日本;(2分)

(2)权益:日本放弃“二十一条”中的部分条款;英法归还在中国的部分租借地;中国收回山东主权和胶济铁路路权。(任答两点得4分)

原因:美英的压力;中国人民坚持斗争。(4分)

(3)原因:罗斯福不愿意仅为英国利益作战(2分)。事件及政策:珍珠港事件。(1分)美国正式对日宣战,(1分)与中国合作对日作战。(1分)如1942年与中国一道签署《联合国家宣言》、1943发表《开罗宣言》等(2分)。

(4)措施:扶持日本,使其成为抗衡社会主义的阵地(2分)。 拒不承认新中国,采取敌视、包围和封锁政策;(1分)

(5)国家利益是处理国际关系的基本原则(2分)

填空题
单项选择题

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