问题 综合题

(37分)现代化是人类文明的一种深刻变化,它主要包括政治上的民主化、经济上的工业化、思想学术领域的自由化和科学化等。阅读以下材料,回答问题。

材料一 当转型的准备工作完成后,现代化的第一步是在政治领域首先迈出的,这就标志着现代化的开始。……一个人的绝对权力阻碍了国家的发展,不限制这种权力,国家便无法进步。克服专制王权于是成了继续前进的条件,在这个时候,谁先克服专制王权,谁就先迈出现代化的第一步。

——钱乘旦《世界近现代史的主线是现代化》

材料二  19世纪末到20世纪前半叶,中国的近代企业呈现出沿着纺织、缫丝、面粉为中心的民间轻工业,军需工业、船舶修造、机械工业等政府主导的重工业两个方向发展,与此同时,在上海和东北等地设立的外国企业,在向中国引进技术方面来说也发挥了特殊的作用和具有特殊的意义。

——朱荫贵《日本学术界对中国近代经济史研究的两个新动向》

材料三 斯大林时期是一个社会发生巨大变革、实现农村经济向城市经济基本转变的飞跃前进的时代——在斯大林的领导下,苏联发展成为一个重要的工业大国,它的大量的人口从农村流到了城市,一个制度化的由中央全面控制的社会主义体制形成了……苏联经济也一直以较高的速度持续增长。                      

——布热津斯基《大失败》

苏联的发展速度在20世纪70年代期间逐渐放慢……苏联的工人、技师和科学家不愿意只是执行来自上面的命令而不在决策过程起作用。

——斯诺夫里阿诺斯《全球通史》

(1)根据材料一并结合所学知识,指出英国是怎样“克服专制王权”的。“克服专制主义王权”又是如何促进英国“继续前进”的。(8分)

(2)根据材料二结合所学知识,概括中国近代企业发展过程中的特点及成因。(15分)

(3)斯大林时期苏联迅速实现了社会主义工业化并形成了有别与资本主义的新型的“由中央全面控制的社会主义体制”。依据材料三概括这一体制的特点,并简析这一体制对苏联经济的影响。(14分)

答案

(1)1689年,英国议会通过《权利法案》,限制英王的实际统治权,确立了君主立宪制的资本主义政治制度。(4分)

说明:英国资本主义制度的确立和发展为工业革命首先在英国开始提供了前提。(4分)

(2)特点:半殖民地性明显主要引进西方先进技术;民间资本以轻工业为主,政府投资侧重于重工业,尤其是军事工业。(9分)

成因:工业革命后东西方差距拉大;受列强侵略的影响;民间资本不足。(6分)

(3)特点:高度集中的管理体制;指令性计划经济。(6分)

影响:促进了苏联经济以较高的速度持续增长,成为重要的工业大国;严重挫伤了人民的生产积极性,阻碍社会生产力的发展。(8分)

阅读理解

Charlie works in a post office. His father lost his job five years ago and his mother is often ill. And he has two brothers and a sister. He works hard and tries his best to buy enough food for his family.

  Last month his family had to move to an old house outside the city. It's farther from the post office and he has to get up early in the morning in order to catch the 6:30 train. The head of his office is strict and everybody has to get there on time. He knows what it'll mean if he's late. A friend of his had pity on(同情) him and lent his old car to him. The young man was happy and from then on he could go to work by car.

  Last Saturday Charlie went to buy some medicine for his mother. Bad luck! When he came out of the shop, he couldn't find the car. He was quite worried and began to look for it in front of the shop but he didn't find it. Suddenly he saw a woman parked a car there and hurried into the shop. Charlie saw the car wasn't locked. He got on it and drove it at once. He was afraid the loser would run after him and drove fast. A truck hit it at a crossing and he lost consciousness.(知觉)

  This morning the young man came back to life and saw there were a few policemen standing by his bed. He asked, "Where am I?"

  "In Room 103."

  "In hospital or in prison ?"

小题1:There’re ________ people in Charlie's family.

A.four

B.five

C.six

D.seven小题2:Charlie’s family moved to the old house outside the city because _______.

A.it's very quiet there

B.they hoped to save some money

C.he could get to his office by train

D.his father had found a job there小题3:Charlie has to get to his office on time because ___________.

A.the head is strict with them

B.he wishes to be praised

C.he's usually on duty     

D.he's afraid to be fired小题4:For         did Charlie buy any medicine last Saturday?

A.himself

B.his father

C.his sister.  

D.his mother小题5:Charlie was afraid ________, so he drove fast.

A.to be late        

B.to meet the red lights

C.to be caught by the loser

D.to miss the 6:30 train

选择题