问题 综合题

(24分)政治制度的创新是一个民族不断发展的动力之一,依据材料和所学回答问题。

材料一:英国革命的最大成果,也是它在现代民主政治创制试验方面的最大成就,就是创造了一种全新的政体……美国革命的首创性在于……孟德斯鸠“以权力制约权力”的学说在政府体制的设计方面得到较好的贯彻。      

——摘自《世界文明史》

材料二:在权利方面,人们生来是而且始终是自由平等的。任何政治结合的目的都在于保存人的自然的和不可动摇的权利。这些权利就是自由、财产、安全和反抗压迫。整个主权的本原主要寄托于国民,任何团体、任何个人都不得行使主权所未明白授予的权力。在法律面前,所有的公民都是平等的。财产是神圣不可侵犯的权利。 

——《 * * 宣言》

材料三:“中国数千年来都是君主专制政体,这种政体,不是平等自由的国民所堪受的,要去这政体,不是专靠民族革命可以成功.”“我们推倒清政府,从驱除满人那一面说是民族革命,从颠覆君主政体那一面说是政治革命,……那政治革命的结果,走建立民主立宪政体,照现在这样的政治说起来,就算汉人为君主,也不能不革命。”

——孙中山在东京《民报》创刊周年庆祝大会上的演说

(1)材料一中英国 “全新的政体”是怎样确立的?作者为什么说它是“一种全新的政体”?用史实说明,和英国的新制度相比,美国在“政府体制的设计方面”有何创新?(10分)

(2)有人说,法国是资产阶级“政府体制的试验场”,在《 * * 宣言》发表后的近百年时间里,孟德斯鸠等“政府体制设计家”们所能想到的或没能想的政体几乎都在法国出现过。请至少举出《 * * 宣言》发表后法国曾出现的三种资产阶级政体及 * * 名称,并说明法国最终通过什么宪法、确立了什么政体?(4分)

(3)为了实现材料三中的革命理想,孙中山为首的资产阶级革命派进行了怎样的革命实践?(4分)为了维护革命实践的胜利成果,革命党人在法律上做了怎样的努力?(4分)

从政体结构来看,孙中山理想的国家 * * 更接近以上那一国家的体制?(2分)

答案

(1)怎样确立:1688年“光荣革命”,资产阶级和新贵族掌握 * * ;1689年议会颁布《权利法案》,确立君主立宪制。(3分)

原因:君主立宪制使议会成为国家的权力中心,国王的权力受到议会和法律的制约,统治方式从人治转向法治。(3分)

说明:孟德斯鸠“以权力制约权力”的学说得到较好的贯彻。《1787年宪法》规定,政府的立法权属于国会、行 * * 属于总统、司法权属于最高法院。这三个权力部门既各自独立,又相互牵制。总统可以对国会通过的法律行使否决权;国会可以2/3多数票再次通过被总统否决的议案;最高法院可宣布总统违宪。(4分)

(2)举例:1791年建立大资产阶级专政的君主立宪政体;1792年建立法兰西第一共和国;1804年建立法兰西第一帝国,实行君主专制政体;1875年建立了法兰西第三共和国。(任3点即得3分) 1875年通过了法兰西第三共和国宪法,确立法国为总统制共和国。(2分)

(3)实践:(孙中山)领导辛亥革命,推翻了清朝君主专制统治,建立了中华民国南京临时政府。(4分)制订颁布了资产阶级性质的宪法《中华民国临时约法》,规定实行责任内阁制,限制临时大总统权利。(3分)更接近法国的体制。(2分)

阅读理解

C

I was riding along the road when I heard someone shouting behind me. It was a young shepherd (牧羊人). He was running across a field, and pointing at something.

I looked and saw two wolves running across the field. One was fully grown, the other was a cub. The cub had on his back a lamb (羔羊) which had just been killed, and he had the leg in his mouth. The old wolf was running behind.

As soon as I saw the wolves, I joined the shepherd and started in pursuit (追击), setting up a shout.

When they heard, some peasants started out also in pursuit, with their dogs.

As soon as the old wolf caught sight of the dogs and the men, he ran to the young one, snatched (攫取) the lamb from him, threw it over his back, and both wolves increased their pace and were soon lost from view.

Then the shepherd began to tell me how it happened. The big wolf has sprung (跳跃) out from the valley, seized the lamb, killed it and carried it off. The old wolf allowed the young wolf to carry the lamb, but kept running a short distance behind.

But as soon as there was danger, the old wolf stopped giving the lesson, and seized the lamb himself.

58. What is a cub?

A. It’s an old wolf.     B. It’s a young wolf.    C. It’s a strong wolf.    D. It’s a big wolf.

59. The old wolf seized the lamb for himself because __________.

A. the cub would not carry it any longer         B. the cub was too tired   

C. there was danger                         D. the cub would not learn

60. What is the passage about?

A. How a young wolf carried a lamb.

B. How the wolves escaped.

C. How some peasants tried to catch the wolf.

D. How an old wolf taught its cub..

单项选择题

Are you a man or a mouse When people ask this question they want to know (1) you think you are a (2) person or a coward. But you will never really know the answer to this question (3) you are tested in real life. Some people (4) they are brave but when they come face to face with real (5) , they act like cowards. Others think of themselves as cowards, but when they meet danger, they act like (6) .Lenny had always thought of himself as a (7) person. He got worried before examinations. He worried about his job and health. All he wanted in life was to be safe and healthy. (8) , on January 15th, 2002, a plane crashed into the Potomac River in Washington. Lenny went to the river to See what was happening. He saw a woman in the (9) water. Lenny did not feel afraid. He kept very (10) and did a very dangerous thing. He jumped into the Potomac, (11) to the woman, and kept her head (12) the water. Seventy-eight people died that day. Thanks to Lenny, it was not (13) .When you are in a very (14) situation and feel afraid, the body automatically produces a chemical in the blood. The chemical is called adrenalin. (15) adrenalin in the blood system, you actually feel per and per and are (16) to fight or run away. However, when you are absolutely terrified, the body can produce too much adrenalin. Where this (17) , the muscles become very hard and you find you (18) move at all. You are then paralyzed with fear. This is (19) when we are very frightened, we sometimes say we’re "petrified". This word comes from the Greek word "petros", which means "stone". We are (20) frightened that we become stonelike.

 

第(13)空应选择()

A.an accident

B.a mistake

C.seventy-eight

D.seventy-nine