问题 阅读理解与欣赏

阅读下而的文字,完成下面的题。

  很多人说:什么是意境?意境就是“情”“景”交融。其实这种解释应该是从近代开始的。王国维在《人间词话》中所使用的“意境”或“境界”,他的解释就是情景交融。但是在中国传统美学中,情景交融所规定的是“意象”,而不是“意境”。中国传统美学认为艺术的本体就是意象,任何艺术作品都要创造意象,都应该情景交融,而意境则不是任何艺术作品都具有的。意境除了有意象的一般规定性之外,还有自己的特殊规定性,意境的内涵大于意象,意境的外延小于意象。那么意境的特殊规定性,是什么呢?唐代刘禹锡有句话:“境生于象外。”“境”是对于在时间和空间上有限的“象”的突破,只有这种象外之“境”才能体现作为宇宙的本体和生命的“道”。

  从审美活动的角度看,所谓“意境”,就是超越具体的有限的物象、事件、场景,进入无限的时间和空间,从而对整个人生、历史、宇宙获得一种哲理性的感受和领悟。西方古代艺术家,他们给自己提出的任务是要再现一个具体的物象,所以他们,比如古希腊雕塑家追求“美”,就把人体刻画得非常逼真、非常完美。而中国艺术家不是局限于刻画单个的人体或物体,把这个有限的对象刻画得很逼真、很完美。相反,他们追求一种“象外之象”、“景外之景”。中国园林艺术在审美上的最大特点也是有意境。中国古典园林中的楼、台、亭、阁,它们的审美价值主要不在于这些建筑本身,而是如同王羲之《兰亭集序》所说,在于可使人“仰观宇宙之大,俯察品类之盛”。

  我们生活的世界是一个有意味的世界。陶渊明有两句诗说得好:“此中有真意,欲辨已忘言。”艺术就是要去寻找、发现、体验生活中的这种意味。有意境的作品和一般的艺术作品在这一点上的区别,就在于它不仅揭示了生活中某一个具体事物或具体事件的意味,而且超越了具体的事物和事件,从一个角度揭示了整个人生的意味。所以,不是任何艺术作品都有意境,也不是任何好的艺术作品都有深远的意境。清代王夫之就比较过杜甫的诗和王维的诗。他认为杜甫诗的特点是“即物深致,无细不章”,有人写诗就怕写不逼真,杜甫则太逼真了。而王维诗则能取之象外,所以他说杜甫是“工”,王维是“妙”。中国艺术的这种意境,它给人的美感,实际上包含了一种人生感、历史感。康德曾经说过,有一种美的东西,人们接触到它的时候,往往感到一种惆怅。意境就是如此,这是一种最高的美感。当然这不等于说西方艺术没有意境,西方艺术中也有这样的作品,例如俄罗斯民歌《伏尔加船夫曲》,它不仅唱出了俄罗新民族的苦难,而且唱出了人类共同的苦难,所以它引起了全世界听众的共鸣。(摘编自叶朗《说意境》)

1.下列关于“意境”和“意象”的表述,不符合原文意思的一项是(     )

A.王国维在《人间词话》中把“意境”的内涵解释为“情景交融”,可见从近代开始人们就把“意境”和“意象”混为一谈了。

B.中国传统美学认为艺术的本体就是意象,所有艺术作品都要情景交融,创造意象,因而并不是任何艺术作品都能够具有意境的。

C.所谓“意境的外延小于意象”,意味着有意境的艺术作品跟有意象的艺术作品比较起来,在数量上总是处于劣势。

D.“道”是宇宙的本体和生命。意象在时间和空间上都十分有限,而意境则是对有限的意象的突破,所以意境能够体现“道”。

2.下列理解,不符合原文意思的一项是(     )

A.西方古代艺术家的旨趣是要在作品中重现世界上的具体物象,所以古希腊雕塑家认为把人体刻画得极其逼真、十分漂亮才是美。

B.中国古代艺术和西方古代艺术不同,中国艺术家要突破有限的对象,在“象外之象”“景外之景”的意境中,抒发他们一种哲理性的感受和领悟。

C.陶渊明的两句诗“此中有真意,欲辨已忘言”,表明他已经认识到身处一个有意味的世界,并且正处在辨析、体验这种意味之中。

D.俄罗斯民歌《伏尔加船夫曲》之所以能够引起全世界听众的共鸣,是因为它唱出了人们对于社会和人生的深刻体验和感受。

3. 根据原文内容,下列推断不正确的一项是(     )

A.中国园林的审美价值,在于让人通过它们感受到更大空间的美,所以游览者往往能够产生一种对于整个人生或历史的感受和领悟。

B.从有意境的作品和一般的艺术作品有区别这一点来看,生活中的具体事物或具体事件往往有两种意味,而其中涉及整个人生的意味才是最美的。

C.王夫之说杜甫是“工”王维是“妙”,他显然是根据中国传统美学来评价杜甫和王维的,如果让西方艺术家来评判,结论可能恰恰相反。

D.康德所说的“一种惆怅",表明他作为西方人也感觉到了一种与意象有很大不同的“美的东西”。这种东西其实就是中国人所说的“意境”。

答案

1.A

2.C

3.B

阅读理解

One of the most popular activities enjoyed by Americans is spending time in forests and walking along paths through the country.This activity,called hiking,has led to the creation of paths throughout the United States.

One of the longest is the Appalachian National Scenic Trail.The trail is the first completed part of the National Trails System.The trails system was established by Congress and the president in 1968.The Appalachian Trail is more  than 3,400 kilometers long.It starts in the northeastern state of Maine and ends in the southeastern state of Georgia.The trail goes through 14 states.They are Maine,New Hampshire,Vermont,Massachusetts,Connecticut,New York,New Jersey,Pennsylvania,Maryland,West Virginia,Virginia,Tennessee,North Carolina,and Georgia.

The path takes walkers through the Appalachian Mountains.They extend from the Canadian province of Quebec to the southern American state of Alabama.

The Appalachian Mountains are among the oldest on Earth.They first began forming about one thousand million years ago.During the millions of years since then,the mountains were changed and reformed by the forces of water and wind.Ice also changed the mountains,making many of them smaller and digging valleys and lakes among them.Many different kinds of trees grow along the trail.And many different kinds of animals live in the forests along the trail.

Lands along the trail are protected by the federal government and by state governments.Some parts are not protected by the government directly.Instead,they are protected by legal agreements with private owners willing to permit people to walk across their property.

Walkers on the Appalachian Trail pass through some of the great valley systems of the mountains.They can look down into these beautiful valleys and see farms and forests stretching across the land for many kilometers.Farmland in the valleys is rich and productive.And some of the great events in American history took place in the valleys.For example,one of the great battles of the American Civil War was fought in the Shenandoah Valley in Virginia.

小题1:The Appalachian Trail________.

A.is more than four thousand three hundred kilometers long

B.starts in the northern state of Maine

C.goes through more than fourteen states

D.ends in the southeastern state of Georgia小题2:The Appalachian Mountains________.

A.are the first completed part of the National Trails System

B.began forming one million years ago

C.were changed by natural forces like water,wind and ice

D.were around by valleys and rivers and famous for its scenery小题3:The lands along the trail________.

A.are protected entirely by either the federal government or state governments

B.are mainly protected by legal agreements with private owners

C.can be visited by travelers freely only under the permission of owners

D.are protected by both the federal government and state governments小题4:What is mainly described in the last paragraph?

A.The Appalachian Mountains have some great valley systems.

B.Farms and grasslands stretch across the valleys for many kilometers.

C.One of the American independence battles was fought in the Shenandoah Valley.

D.Lakes in the Appalachian Mountains are one of the most beautiful sights.

单项选择题