问题 阅读理解与欣赏

阅读下面的文字,完成问题。

中国文化赤字很大

  赤字用在文化上,无非是借指文化进出口方面的弱势。试想我们作为四大文明古国之一,有着五千年的悠久历史,独具魅力的东方文化积淀深厚。改革开放以来,对外贸易快速增长,早已成为名副其实的贸易大国,拥有数量巨大且增势不减的贸易顺差,却为何长期在国际文化贸易中“赤字”高悬?

  不久前,中国国务院新闻办公室主任王晨在中国翻译协会第六次会员代表大会开幕式上讲话时指出,中国的历史文化不仅属于中国,也属于世界,中国理应对世界文化发展作出自己的贡献,但现实情况是,中国对外文化交流和文化传播严重“入超”,“文化赤字”很大。

  王晨所谓的“文化赤字”,是指中国人在世界上表现中国核心价值观、悠久历史、灿烂文化的文化产品及中国文化的对外影响力仍然有限,中国文化的对外影响力与中国的国际地位及经济社会发展水平相比还有不小差距。他认为,随着中国国际地位的不断提高和对外交往的不断发展,提高对外传播能力,越来越显得重要而紧迫。在他看来,中国缺乏翻译人才是造成“文化赤字”的关键因素,因为翻译是对外交流和沟通的桥梁,是中外文化交流的纽带。不论是对于中国尊重文明多样性、吸收世界各国文明成果,还是对于介绍中国发展、中国模式,增强中华文化国际影响力,翻译都发挥着不可或缺的重要作用。可是,中国翻译界目前却面临着突出的人才问题,特别是对外传播事业中亟需的高水平的中译外专业人才,相当匮乏。

  王晨所言有一定的道理,因为翻译确实是沟通不同语言的民族之间的“桥梁”,但是他可能忽略了这点:历史上很多伟大的翻译工程或翻译事业,并不是由“文化输出方”进行,而是由“文化输入方”承担的。

  以世界历史上时间跨度最长,规模最宏大的翻译事业——汉传佛教译经事业为例,作为“文化输出方”的印度几乎很少主动把佛经翻译成汉文,再“输出”到中国,反而是作为“文化输入方”的中国,既有朝廷迎请梵僧、胡僧入华译经弘法.也有华僧远赴天竺求法,把梵文佛经带回国翻译。

  对外文化交流和文化传播,是否与一个国家的“国际地位及经济社会发展水平”成正比,也有可议之处。能海上师和法尊法师等汉地僧侣,在民国年间去学经求法的藏地,其经济社会发展水平就更不用说了,因为当时的西藏还是农奴制社会。可是,就是这样一个生产力极其落后的雪域高原上诞生并发展的藏传佛教,仍然能够成为向汉传佛教补充养分的“文化输出方”。由此可见,中国能否尽快摆脱“文化赤字”并实现“文化盈余”,与中国是否有“高水平的中译外专业人才”之间,其实关系不大,关键是在中国文化本身。笔者认为,原因主要有以下两点。其一是中国文化原创者方面存在问题。内地文化机构以国有机构为主,“国”字号有两大缺陷:一是缺乏适合创新的宽松环境,人员思想受到束缚,甚至思想僵化,不敢大胆创新;二是政府资金投入严重不足,人员的创造积极性自然就不高,人才流失严重,而无论对传统文化的弘扬还是对现代文化的发展,都是需要创造力的。其二是文化传播者方面也有不足。中国不是没有文化精品,而是缺乏传播力。传播文化离不开文化载体,如广播、电视、网络、报纸、电影等。载体是物,其拥有者是人。而文化载体拥有者作为文化传播者,其价值观、市场眼光和文化素质,决定其是否具有出色的文化价值识别能力。(摘自《联合早报》,有删节)

 1.下列有关中国“文化赤字”产生的原因,理解不正确的一项是( )

A.王晨认为,中国对外传播事业中亟需的高水平的中译外专业人才相当匮乏,巾国缺乏      翻译人才是造成“文化赤字”的关键因素。   

B.本文作者推翻了王晨“缺乏的翻译人才是造成‘文化赤字,的关键因素”的论点,认为中      国之所以会产生“文化赤字”,关键在于中国文化本身。   

C.中国文化原创者方面存在问题,具体表现在文化载体拥有者的价值观、市场眼光和文      化素质,决定其是否具有出色的文化价值识别能力。   

D.无论是传统文化的弘扬还是现代文化的发展,都离不开创造力,而政府资金投入严重      不足,导致人员的创造积极性不高,人才向外流失。

2.下列理解和分析,不符合原文意思的一项是( ) 

A.翻译,不论是对于巾国尊重文明多样性、吸收世界各国文明成果,还是对于介绍中国      发展、中国模式,增强中华文化围际影响力,都起着重要作用。   

B.在本文作者看来,中国是否有“高水平的中泽外专业人才”,与中国能否尽快摆脱“文化      赤字”并实现“文化盈余”之问,其实并没有联系。   

C.汉传佛教译经事业是世界历史上规模最宏大的翻译事业。期间,作为“文化输出方”的      印度几乎很少主动把佛经翻译成汉文。   

D.作者认为,生产力极其落后的西藏能够承担“文化输出方”的角色,由此看来,“国际地位及经济社会发展水平”与“文化传播”不成正比。

3.根据原文内容,下列对文意的理解不正确的一项是( )  

A.我国在国际文化贸易中存在严重的“赤字”现象,这种现象并没有随着我国对外贸易的      快速增长而减少。   

B.如果中国翻译界能有效解决对外传播事业中亟需的高水平的中译外专业人才问题,“文     化赤字”问题就会发生改观。   

C.能海上师和法尊法师到藏地去学经求法,与西藏的经济社会发展水平没有多大关系,      很可能与藏传佛教本身有关。   

D.即使中国的经济地位再高,对外交往再密切,如果不从“中国文化本身”找原因,也很      难改变“文化赤字”现状。

答案

1.C

2.B

3.B

单项选择题
阅读理解

The goal of earthquake prediction is to give early enough warning. The U.S. Geological Survey conducts and supports research on the likelihood of future earthquakes. Scientists estimate earthquake probabilities in two ways: by studying the history of large earthquakes in a special area and the rate at which strain(拉力)accumulates(积累)in the rock.

Scientists study the past frequency of large earthquakes in order to determine the future likelihood of similar large shocks. For example scientists researched the large earthquakes in the San Francisco Bay region during the 75 years between 1836 and 1911. For the next 68 years, no earthquakes of magnitude (震级) 6 or large occurred in the region. Beginning with a magnitude 6 shock in 1979, the earthquakes in the region increased dramatically; between 1979 and 1989, there were four magnitude 6 or greater earthquakes, including a magnitude 7.1 earthquake. So scientists estimated that the probability of a magnitude 6.8 or larger earthquake occurring during the next 30 years in the region is about 67 percent.

Another way to predict earthquakes is to study how fast strain accumulates. When plate movements build the strain in rocks to a critical level, like pulling a rubber band too tight, the rocks will suddenly break and slip to a new position. Scientists measure how much strain accumulates along a fault (断层) each year, how much time has passed since the last earthquake, and how much strain was released in the last earthquake. This information is used to calculate the time required for the accumulating strain to build to the level that results in an earthquake. This simple model is so complicated that such detailed information about faults is rare. In the United States, only the San Andreas Fault System has adequate records for using this prediction method.

Scientific understanding of earthquakes is of vital importance to the Nation. As the population increases, expanding urban development and construction encroach (侵蚀) upon areas susceptible(易受影响的) to earthquakes. With a greater understanding of the causes and effects of earthquakes, we may be able to reduce damage and loss of life from this destruction.

小题1:What does the passage mainly talk about?

A.What an earthquake is like.

B.How to predict earthquakes.

C.Where earthquakes often happen.

D.When a fault is formed.小题2:That scientists study the history of large earthquakes in certain areas is to ultimately_________.

A.do research on the past frequency of large earthquakes

B.estimate the magnitude of similar earthquakes

C.forecast the possibilities of similar earthquakes

D.judge the specific location of future earthquakes小题3:Which is TRUE according to the passage?

A.There were four magnitude 6 earthquakes in the San Francisco Bay region between1979 and1989.

B.The accumulating strain of the fault to a certain level results in the earthquake.

C.About 68 years after 1911, no earthquakes occurred in the San Francisco Bay region.

D.The fast increasing population on the earth is the main cause of the earthquake.小题4:What is the critical factor of forming a fault?

A.The material of rocks.

B.The existing time span of the rocks.

C.The plate movements around the rocks.

D.The amount of strain released in the last earthquake.小题5:According to the passage, we can know that the San Andreas Fault System____.

A.has a greater understanding of the causes and effects of earthquakes

B.stores much more information about the history of large earthquakes

C.offers the potential for doing research on the faults where strain accumulates

D.illustrates specifically how rocks along a fault are formed