问题 填空题

物体所受重力是50N,如果用20N的水平力向东拉它,它仍然静止在水平桌面上,此时它受到的摩擦力是______N,方向______;当用30N的水平力向西拉它时,它在水平面上匀速直线运动,此时它受到的摩擦力是______N,方向______.

答案

物体做匀速直线运动,所以物体受力平衡.在竖直方向,受到重力和地面对它的支持力,这两个力相互平衡.

在水平方向上受向东的拉力和向西的摩擦力,所以拉力和摩擦力是一对平衡力.

因为F=20N,所以f=20N;方向与拉力方向相反,水平向西.

拉力改为30N,物体做匀速直线运动,属于平衡状态,所以二力相等,则此时摩擦力等于拉力等于30N,

方向与拉力方向相反,则方向水平向东.

故答案为:20;水平向西;30;水平向东.

阅读理解

We sometimes think global warming or climate change is a problem very far away from our lives, and that only the government needs to worry about it. But it's hardly possible to completely stay out of it ­ scientists are now 95 percent sure that humans have been the “dominant cause” of global warming trends since the 1950s.

One of the conclusions of a report released on Sept 27 by the United Nations says that human activities have caused global temperatures to rise by 0.89 0C between 1901 and 2012. That might not seem like a lot, but the truth is that a major part of that heat has been absorbed into the oceans, which is not surprising given that they cover two thirds of Earth's surface. Also, water has a much greater capacity (容量) to absorb heat than the air does, according to The Economist. 

While many greenhouse gases occur naturally and are needed to keep the Earth warm enough to support life, humans' use of fossil fuels is the main source of excess (多余的) greenhouse gases. According to CNN, by driving cars, using electricity produced by burning coal and oil or heating our homes with coal or natural gas, we release a large amount of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere.

Your body can barely feel a difference of 0.89 0C, but the Earth's ecosystems are so sensitive that even small changes can disturb them. It often starts with the smallest creatures at the bottom of the food chain, eventually affecting bigger animals, many of which could end up becoming extinct.

Global warming is also linked to an increase in extreme weather. A larger amount of carbon dioxide traps more energy inside the atmosphere. This changes the patterns of storms and rainfall in many regions and can lead to droughts and floods. Worse still, melting sea ice in warmer oceans is causing sea levels to rise at a speed of more than three millimeters per year, according to The Guardian, which also increases the risk of flooding.

“The report should serve as another wake­up call that our activities today have a profound impact on society, not only for us, but for many generations to come,” French Michel Jarraud, secretary­general of the World Meteorological Organization, said at a news conference.

小题1:The underlined word “dominant” in the first paragraph means “ ________”.

A.common        

B.indirect

C.secondary

D.leading小题2:Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the passage?

A.Greenhouse gases have been proven to harm merely the Earth .

B.There is little we can do to prevent global warming.

C.Global warming can increase the chances of droughts and floods.

D.The hugeness of oceans makes them better absorbers of heat than the air.小题3:The rise in global temperatures between 1901 and 2012 ________.

A.is more harmful to smaller creatures than bigger ones

B.is not serious because most of the extra heat has been absorbed by the oceans

C.has made the Earth's ecosystems more sensitive to changes

D.is likely to cause many species to become extinct小题4:What is Michel Jarraud's attitude toward the report released by the UN?

A.Negative.

B.Supportive.

C.Doubtful.

D.Uninterested.

单项选择题