问题 材料题

阅读下列材料:

材料一  凡未经议会同意,以国王权威停止法律或停止法律实施之僭越权力,为非法权力。凡未经议会准许,借口国王特权,为国王而征收,或供国王使用而征收金钱,超出议会准许之时限或方式者,皆为非法。设立审理宗教事务之钦差法庭之指令,以及一切其他同类指令与法庭,皆为非法。除经议会同意之外,平时在本王国内征募或维持常备军,皆属违法。

——英国《权利法案》

材料二  人人生而平等,他们都被他们的造物主赋予了某些不可转让的权利,其中包括生命权、自由权和追求幸福的权利。为了保障这些权利,所以才在人们中间成立政府。而政府的正当权力,系得自被统治者的同意。如果遇有任何形式的政府变成损害这些目的的,那么,人民就有权利来改变它或废除它,以建立新的政府。   

——美国《独立宣言》

根据材料,结合所学知识,概述从英国《权利法案》到美国《独立宣言》,西方的 * * 理论和形式有过哪些变化?

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答案

(1)英国17世纪资产阶级革命后建立了君主立宪制 * * 。 18世纪的法国启蒙运动中,伏尔泰等思想家,反对君主专制,但主张建立英国式的君主立宪制 * * ,通过议会制定法律,把国君的权力限制在法律允许的范围内。

(2)法国启蒙运动中“天赋 * * ”的思想在北美得以传播和发展,独立战争结束以后,美国的议会于1787年颁布宪法,确立了三权分立的近代民主国家体制。

单项选择题
阅读理解

E

    Antarctica, with its seemingly endless icy beauty, is one place where one look is worth a thousand words. My own dream to see it came true last January when I joined the sixth exploration crew(考查队) of the China National Marine Bureau. We spent 10 days connecting flights to reach our goal, but finally arrived at the Great Wall Station on Antarctica on the eve of Chinese New Year.

There are only two seasons in Antarctica: winter and summer. You get polar nights in winter and polar days in summer. Day is longer than night in summer, and the temperature often reaches below zero. Luckily, there are no snowstorms in summer, which makes it the best season to travel. What I imagined before starting for Antarctica was a world of ice, storms, endless cold and loneliness. When I stopped on Antarctica for the first time, however, I saw rich, energetic and beautiful scenery that was beyond anything I had imagined.

We only spent 11 days at the South Pole, but every minute was spent taking pictures and losing our heart to the wonderland. Beauty enveloped us as we watched the world around us. The mountains, oceans, ice, snow, sky, earth and people all seemed to have their own stories.

Rocks from Antarctica are considered valuable. Unfortunately, I didn’t bring one back. However, my heavy bags full of films are certainly worth that. It is in these pictures that the true Antarctica comes alive.

72. What is the best title for this passage?  

A. Antarctica, my dream world.              B. Beautiful Antarctica.

C. What I’ve got in Antarctica.         D. My visit to Antarctica.

73. Why is summer the best season to go to Antarctica? 

A.    There are no snowstorms in summer.  

B. Night is longer than day in summer. 

C. The temperature often reaches below zero in summer.

D. In this season, Antarctica is world of ice, storms and loneliness.

74. What made the writer unexpected(意外) is that he saw_______.

A. the only two seasons there: winter and summer

B. the world of ice, storms ,endless cold and loneliness

C. the rich, energetic and beautiful scenery    

D. the Great Wall Station and many rocks there

75. The writer joined the sixth exploration team to _______.

A. make some studies of the weather and the animals 

B. study the relationship between the weather and the animals 

C. collect some information for a scientific study center

D. capture(捕获) the rich, energetic and beautiful scenery