问题 阅读理解与欣赏

阅读下面的文字,完成问题。

“鲁迅”的“现代价值”(节选)

钱理群

  ①我们讲鲁迅,就是讲他的思想,他的文学,他的实践。但读了韩国朋友的文章,我又有了新的思考:把“鲁迅”仅仅看作是鲁迅(周树人) 是不够的,应该扩大我们的视野。

  ②20 世纪的思想与文学发展的一个重要特点就是它的世界性。其表现形态有两种,一是相互影响性,一是平行性。所谓“平行性”,就是说,由于面对着共同或相似的问题,就会有共同或相似的思考,“不约而同”地提出某种具有内通性的思想,产生具有可比性的文学。在这个意义上,可以说,我们所说的“鲁迅”,是指一批具有思想与文学相通性的20 世纪世界特别是东方国家的思想家、文学家,如柳中夏教授所说,他们是“相互照射的镜子”,他们的文本是可以作“互文解读”的。

  ③另外还有些20 世纪的思想家、文学家,特别是东亚国家的一些思想家、文学家,他们或者不同程度地受到鲁迅影响,但又以自己的独立创造丰富、发展了鲁迅的思想与文学,或者是鲁迅的研究者,却面对自己时代与民族的问题,阐释鲁迅,又接着鲁迅往下说,也同样丰富与发展了鲁迅的思想与文学。日本的竹内好就是这方面的杰出代表,他所创造的“竹内好鲁迅”,在某种程度上是可以视为“从鲁迅出发的竹内好思想”的,同时也理所当然地成为“鲁迅”遗产的有机组成部分。

  ④因此,我们这里讨论的“鲁迅”,是符号化的鲁迅,我们讲的“鲁迅遗产”,主要是指鲁迅和同时代的东亚思想家与文学家共同创造的20 世纪东亚思想、文化、文学遗产,它是“二十世纪中国与东方经验”的一个重要组成部分。——提出并突出“二十世纪中国与东亚经验”是基于这样的现实:“最近二十年,特别是二十世纪九十年代以来,在中国思想界和学术界盛行着两种思潮:或者认为中国的问题是在‘割裂了传统’因而主张‘回归儒家’;或者以为对西方经验,特别是美国经验的拒绝,是中国问题的症结所在,因而主张‘走英美的路’。把目光转向中国古代,或转向外国,而且限于西方世界,特别是美国,却恰恰忽略了‘现代(二十世纪) 和中国’,即使是讨论现代中国学术和文学,也是偏重于亲近中国传统文化和西方文化的那一部分学者与作家。这样,真正立足于中国本土现实的变革,以解决现代中国问题为自己思考的出发点与归宿的思想家、文学家、政治家反而被排斥在研究视野之外。这些年孙中山之受冷遇,毛 * * 之被遗忘,鲁迅之一再受到攻击,绝不是偶然的。”

  ⑤这样的情况,在21 世纪初仍在继续。

  ⑥因此,在当代中国,研究鲁迅,言说鲁迅,传播鲁迅思想与文学,就具有某种“文化反抗,文化坚守”的意味。 “鲁迅”的“现在价值”问题,不仅是中国的,也是东亚国家以至世界的思想、文化学术界的问题。正是在这样的背景下,我这些年将主要的精力放在普及鲁迅思想、文学,传扬鲁迅精神这一方面。(《社会科学辑刊》2006年第1期)

1.下面对“相互照射的镜子”理解最准确的一项是(    )

A.具有相互影响性和平行性的20 世纪的思想与文学的世界性。

B.由于面对着共同或相似的问题,因此思想家、文学家们就会有共同或相似的思考。

C.思想家、文学家们“不约而同”地提出某种具有内通性的思想,产生具有可比性的文学。

D.一批具有思想与文学相通性的20 世纪世界特别是东方国家的思想家、文学家。

2.以下说法不属于文题中“鲁迅的现代价值”的原因的一项是(    )

A.不仅仅看作是鲁迅(周树人),而且是我们所说的鲁迅的的思想、文学和他的实践。

B.指20 世纪的一批具有思想与文学相通性的世界特别是东方国家的思想家和文学家。

C.不同程度地受到鲁迅影响的又以自己的独立创造丰富、发展了鲁迅的思想与文学的某些20 世纪的思想家、文学家。

D.面对自己时代与民族的问题,阐释鲁迅,又接着鲁迅往下说,也同样丰富与发展了鲁迅的思想与文学的研究者。

3.下面对文本的理解和分析,不恰当的一项是(    )

A.相互影响性和平行性是20 世纪的思想与文学发展的一个重要特点即世界性的两种表现形态;作者侧重阐述了“平行性”,以说明“鲁迅”。

B.第三段提到日本的竹内,是为了证明他面对自己时代与民族的问题,既能阐释鲁迅,也能丰富与发展了鲁迅的思想与文学。

C.第四段指出的二十世纪九十年代以来的两种思潮,是提出并突出“二十世纪中国与东亚经验”的现实背景,同时引文也说明了“鲁迅”的价值。

D.文章的结尾,作者又针对性地提出传播鲁迅思想与文学的问题,从一个大的的背景下来认识“鲁迅”的“现在价值”问题,并表明了自己的志向。

答案

1.D

2.D

3.C

单项选择题

What would happen if consumers decided to simplify their lives and spend less on material goods and services This question is taking on a certain urgency as rates of economic growth continue to decelerate through the industrialized world, and as millions of consumers appear to be opting for more frugal lifestyles. The Stanford Research Institute, which has done some of the most extensive work on the frugality phenomenon, estimates that nearly five million American adults are pursuing lives of "voluntary simplicity", and double that number "adhere to and act on some but not all" of its basic tenets.

The frugality phenomenon first achieved prominence as a middle-class rejection of high consumption lifestyle in the industrialized world during the 1950s and 1960s. In The Silent Revolution, Ronald Inglehart of the University of Michigan’s Institute of Social Research examined this experience in the United States and 10 Western European nations. He concluded that a change has taken place "from an overwhelming emphasis on material well-being and physical security toward greater emphasis on the quality of life," that is, "a shift from materialism to post-materialism. "

Inglehart calls the 1960s the "fat years". Among their more visible trappings were the ragged blue jeans favored by the affluent young. Most of the retreat from materialism, however, was less visible. Comfortably fixed Americans were going without change, making things last longer, sharing things with others, learning to do things for themselves and so on. But while economically significant, it was hardly discernible in a US Gross National Product climbing vigorously toward the $ 2 thousand billion mark.

Yet as the frugality phenomenon matured—growing out of the soaring 1980s and into the sober 1990s—it seemed to undergo a fundamental transformation. American consumers continued to lose faith in materialism and were being joined by new converts who were embracing frugality because of the darkening economic skies they saw ahead. Resource scarcities, soaring energy prices, persistent inflation, high-level unemployment, balance-of-trade deficits, the declining value of the US dollar on foreign exchange markets forced consumers to look to their own resources. The one device which seemed most promising, the one over which they had the most control, was frugality—learning to live with less in a world where a penny saved was still a penny earned.

According to Inglehart, the frugality phenomenon ().

A. began to be noticed in the industrialized world during the 1950s and 1960s

B. was an old phenomenon in the disguise of a new cloak

C. indicated a turn of people’s attention to the quality of life

D. was more visible among the affluent young

填空题