问题 综合题

社会制度创新是推动人类社会进步的重要举措。阅读下列材料,回答问题。

材料一  此种制度较广泛地向地方各阶层的地主们打开了入仕的途径。因而各地地主特别是过去的寒门,商人地主等……也取得了高官厚禄,参与 * * 。

——清赵翼《廿二史札记》

材料二  第三表 执行

二、……债务人不还债的,债权人得拘捕之,押其到长官前,申请执行。 

三、此时如债务人仍不清偿,又无人为其担保,则债权人得将其押至家中拘留,系以皮带或脚镣……

——《十二铜表法》

材料三  凡未经议会同意,以国王权威停止法律或停止法律实施之僭越权力,为非法权力。凡未经议会准许,借口国王特权,为国王而征收,或供国王使用而征收金钱,超出议会准许之时限或方式者,皆为非法。……

材料四  本宪法所授予的全部立法权,均属于由参议院和众议院组成的合众国国会。……行 * * 属于美利坚合众国总统。总统之任期为4年……

材料五  宪法规定立法权归于由参议院和众议院组成的两院制议会。……总统任期七年,可连选连任……经参议院同意有权解散众议院。

请回答:

(1)材料一反映了历史上选拔人才的哪种制度?(2分)有何积极意义?(4分,任答两点即可。)

(2)材料二体现了罗马法哪项核心内容?(2分)指出这部法律在罗马法发展历程中的重要性。(2分)

(3)材料三出自什么文献?(2分)其确立的这种制度有何特点?(6分,答三点。)

(4)材料四出自什么文献?(2分)此文献内容体现了哪几项重要原则?(6分)

(5)材料五出自什么文献?(2分)从国家元首产生上看,材料四和材料五有何不同?(2分)

答案

(1)制度:科举制。(2分)意义:大大加强了中央集权;有利于打破特权垄断;扩大官吏来源;提高官员文化素质;促进文化繁荣;为历朝沿用,影响深远。(4分,任意两点。)

(2)核心内容:保护私有财产。(2分)重要性:标志着罗马成文法的诞生。(2分)

(3)文献:英国《权利法案》。(2分)特点:国王“统而不治”,是国家元首,英联邦首脑;以议会内阁制为核心。权力中心在议会,拥有立法权,是国家最高权力机关。内阁掌握行 * * 并对议会负责;间接民主;体现分权制衡原则;君主制、贵族制、民主制三者融为一体。(6分)

(4)文献:美国1787年宪法或美国联邦宪法。(2分)原则:联邦制原则、分权制衡或三权分立原则、民主原则或主权在民原则。(6分)

(5)文献:法兰西第三共和国宪法或法国1875年宪法。(2分)不同:材料四国家元首由选民间接选举产生,材料五国家元首由参众两院联席会议选出。(2分)

题目分析:(1)从材料“此种制度较广泛地向地方各阶层的地主们打开了入仕的途径”可以看出这一制度是科举制。科举制的实行,扩大了统治阶级的统治的基础,也提高了官员的文化素质,在一定程度上有利于社会的稳定。(2)从材料二可以很容易的看出,这是保护私有财产不受侵犯的条文。《十二铜表法》是罗马第一部成文法,是罗马法的开端。(3)从材料“凡未经议会同意,以国王权威停止法律或停止法律实施之僭越权力……”可以看出这是出自《权利法案》。英国依据该法案确立了君主立宪制,确立了议会主权,国王统而不治无实权,首相掌握行 * * ,对议会负责。(4)从材料“行 * * 属于美利坚合众国总统。总统之任期为4年……”可以看出这是出自1787年宪法。该宪法体现了联邦制原则、三权分立的原则和民主制原则等。(5)从材料“……总统任期七年,可连选连任……经参议院同意有权解散众议院”可以看出这是出自1875年宪法。从国家元首看,美国的国家元首是总统,不对国会负责,而是对选民负责;法国的总统同样为国家元首,但是是对国会负责,由国会选举产生。

点评:我国古代的科举制是选官制度上的一大创新,在很大程度上确保了公正和公平,到现在依然有借鉴意义。罗马法为后世留下了宝贵的法治精神和原则,对近代资产阶级制定法律文献提供了蓝本。近代西方国家大都是通过立法的方式确立自己的本国的政体的,虽然都是属于资产阶级的政体,但是由于各国的国情不同,其表现形式也不相同。

阅读理解

     Life on earth depends on water, and there is no substitute for it. The current assumption is that our

basic needs for water-whether for drinking, agriculture, industry or the raising of fish will always have to

be met. Given that premise (前提) , there are two basic routes we can go:more equal access to water or

better engineering solutions.

     Looking at the engineering solution first, a lot of my research concentrates on what happens to

wetlands when you build dams in river basins, particularly in Africa. The ecology of such areas is almost

entirely driven by the seasonal changes of the river-the pulse of the water. And the fact is that if you build

a dam, you generally spoil the downstream ecology. In the past, such problems have been hidden by a

lack of information. But in the near future, governments will have no excuse for their ignorance.

    The engineers' ability to control water flows has created new kinds of unpredictability too. Dams in

Africa have meant fewer fish, less grazing and less flood- plain (洪泛区) agriculture-none of which were

expected. And their average economic life is assumed to be thirty years. Dams don't exist forever, but

what will replace them is not clear.

     The challenge for the future is to find new means of controlling water. Although GM technology

(转基因) will allow us to breed better dry land crops, there is no market for companies to develop

crops suitable for the micro-climates of the Sahel and elsewhere in Africa. Who is going to pay for

research on locally appropriate crops in the Third World?

1. What's the main idea of this passage?  

A. The challenge for the future.

B. The engineering solutions to water resource and their limitation.

C. The basic means of controlling water.

D. The challenge for developing crops.

2. Which of the following statements is NOT true for meeting our basic needs for water? 

A. Water resource should be used more reasonably.

B. More dams should be built in river basins.

C. More wetlands should be protected from destruction.

D. More dry-land crops could be developed in Africa.

3. The author suggests that governments will have no excuse for their careless ignorance in the future

because      

A. the ecological destruction will be known to the public by researchers

B. the ecological destruction will no longer be a problem in the future

C. the future is an information age

D. governments will face greater challenge in the future

4. The author mentions all the problems caused by dams EXCEPT      

A. fewer fish

B. less grazing land

C. less farming land

D. less floodplain agriculture

5. The last sentence probably implies that           .   

A. no one will invest in developing locally appropriate crops in Africa

B. researchers have no interest in developing dry land crops

C. research on locally appropriate crops in the Third World may be profitable

D. There is less water resource in the Third World

单项选择题