问题 问答题 案例分析题

甲、乙、丙拟共同出资设立一家有限责任公司(以下简称公司),并共同制定了发起人草案。该草案中拟订的公司注册资本总额为600万元。各方出资数额、出资方式以及缴付出资的时间分别为如下:

(1)甲出资180万元,其中:货币出资70万元、计算机软件评估作价110万元,首次货币出资20万元,其余货币出资和计算机软件出资自公司成立之日起3个月内缴足。

(2)乙出资150万元,其中:机器设备作价出资100万元、特许经营权出资50万元,自公司成立之日起6个月内一次缴足。

(3)丙以货币270万元出资,约定一次缴清出资。但是丙又与第三人A达成了一份协议,约定由A代垫资金协助丙缴付全部的货币资金,按照丙与A的约定,在公司验资后由丙再将出资的资金抽回以偿还A,丙在1个月内补足该部分的出资。

公司的发起人草案经过法律专业人士指出问题并修正后拟订了正式的发起人协议,甲、乙、丙均在协议上签名。后甲、乙、丙开始履行发起人协议并聘请B会计师事务所对公司的出资情况进行验资,B会计师事务所验资过程中发现乙出资的机器设备评估价值为100万元,类似设备市场价值100万元,但该机器设备明显为二手旧设备,而且技术水平相对落后,会计师事务所的相关人员查阅该评估报告和相关情况后发现异常,但未予处理。除此之外,B会计师事务所没有发现其他的问题,便出具了验资报告,并在验资报告后注明“本报告仅供工商登记使用”。

公司经过工商行政管理机关登记后依法成立,丙依照与A协议的约定,将其投入的货币资金270万元从公司账户中划回到A公司账户,但一直未补齐该部分出资,甲和乙依照发起人协议的约定要求丙立刻补足出资,遭到了丙的拒绝,随后,甲和乙要求第三人A公司承担此责任,A公司以自己仅仅是中间人为理由拒绝承担任何责任。

公司成立后除了正常经营之外,还向建设银行贷款300万元,后由于公司投资决策失误,贷款所投的项目血本无归,建设银行的贷款无法得到清偿,经调查发现乙所出资机器设备价值显著低于公司所定价值,便就未清偿贷款要求乙以未足额出资部分承担责任,乙以该机器设备是因市场变化导致的贬值,与本人无关为由拒绝补足,建设银行又向出具验资报告的B会计师事务所要求赔偿,B会计师事务所拒绝承担赔偿责任,理由有两个,一是“本所在验资中并非故意出具,即便承担也仅仅是就被审计单位赔偿后不足部分来承担”,二是“本所在验资报告上已经注明是仅供工商登记使用,跟银行贷款没有关系”,随后,建设银行依法向人民法院提起了诉讼。

要求:

根据上述内容,分别回答下列问题:

·公司出资人的首次出资总额是否符合公司法的有关规定?并说明理由。公司出资人的货币出资总额是否符合公司法的有关规定?并说明理由。甲以计算机软件和乙以特许经营权出资的方式是否符合有关规定?并分别说明理由。甲、乙分期缴纳出资的时间是否符合公司法的有关规定?并分别说明理由。

·丙以第三人代垫资金的方式后再归还的形式进行出资是否符合规定?A公司拒绝承担任何责任的说法是否合法?简要说明理由。

·乙拒绝补足出资的理由是否正确?该部分出资应该由谁来补足?简要说明理由。

·B会计师事务所提出的两个理由是否正确?简要说明理由。

答案

参考答案:

①首次出资总额符合规定。根据规定,有限责任公司全体股东的首次出资额不得低于注册资本的20%,也不得低于法定的注册资本最低限额。在本题中,三个股东的首次出资额为290万元,达到注册资本的20%。②货币出资总额符合规定。根据规定,全体股东的货币出资金额不得低于有限责任公司注册资本的30%。在本题中,三个股东的货币出资额为340万元,超过了注册资本的30%。③甲以计算机软件出资符合规定。根据规定,股东可以用货币出资,也可以用实物、知识产权、土地使用权等可以用货币估价并可以依法转让的非货币财产作价出资。在本题中,甲以知识产权(计算机软件)出资符合规定。乙以特许经营权出资不符合规定。根据规定,股东不得以劳务、信用、自然人姓名、商誉、特许经营权或者设定担保的财产等作价出资。④甲、乙的出资期限符合规定。根据规定,有限责任公司全体股东的首次出资额不得低于注册资本的20%,其余部分由股东自公司成立之日起2年内缴足。

②丙以第三人代垫资金的方式后再归还的形式进行出资符合规定,A公司拒绝承担连带责任的说法不合法。根据《公司法司法解释(三)》的规定,第三人代垫资金协助发起人设立公司,双方明确约定在公司验资后或者在公司成立后将该发起人的出资抽回以偿还该第三人,发起人依照前述约定抽回出资偿还第三人后又不能补足出资,相关权利人可以请求第三人连带承担发起人因抽回出资而产生的相应责任。

③乙拒绝补足出资的理由不正确。根据题目情况,乙出资时明显为二手旧设备,而且技术水平相对落后,评估报告上的价值与实际价值不符,应该属于未全面履行出资义务的情况,而非因为市场变化的原因导致出资财产贬值。该部分出资应由乙补足,其他发起人甲和乙承担连带责任,根据规定,股东在公司设立时未履行或者未全面履行出资义务,公司的发起人与被告股东承担连带责任;公司的发起人承担责任后,可以向被告股东追偿。

④B会计师事务所拒绝承担赔偿责任的第一个理由错误,根据规定,会计师明知出资不实而出具验资报告的情况下,会计师事务所应当承担连带赔偿责任。本题中,参与验资的会计师明知机器设备出资不实仍然出具了验资报告,会计师事务所应当承担赔偿责任。会计师事务所第二个理由错误,根据规定,会计师事务所在报告中注明“本报告仅供年检使用”、“本报告仅供工商登记使用”等类似内容的,不能作为其免责的事由。

问答题

There can be no doubt that the computer revolution has touched virtually every person in the country in some way or other.

Nor can there be any doubt that it has brought tremendous improvements in productivity and efficiency. 46) Indeed, there are many tasks undertaken by computers that could not be done without them, and we have reached the point that the benefits of computerization are taken for granted.

Having accepted that computers are here to stay, what is the downside 47) The most obvious answer is that because of increased efficiency, less people are needed and the loss of jobs, particularly in the service industries, has been enormous, with more .job losses yet to come.

However, on a more insidious note, many users have not realized how computers have introduced vulnerability to their business. If computers are soon a boon, how do we cope when something goes wrong

Computers have many uses, varying from pure accounting or back-office systems to stock or production control, or computer-aided design or manufacturing. 48) In many instances, manual systems can quickly be introduced to ensure some continuity of the business; but in many cases if the computer is down, so is the business.

The most probable causes of interruption in the past have been accidental damage or breakdown, and these can usually be dealt with expeditiously. However, in recent times the exposure causing most concern to insurers have been theft.

49) Initially the problem was the theft of PCs, and because most of these were based in offices which had not been targeted by thieves in the pasty and thus had relatively poor security, losses mounted very quickly. It was common practice for a thief to make a fresh visit once the equipment had been replaced, as the new equipment would be more attractive due to rapid technological advances. The equipment would usually be covered by insurance, but problems could be experienced if there were no back-ups of date and/or programmes.

The initial reaction by insurers was to step up requests for security improvements, including alarms and devices such as lock-down plates or cables. 50) However, the criminal fraternity quickly came to realize that the real value in the computers is in the chip which is remarkably portable and unidentifiable, so even when caught the police have trouble proving the theft. This led to even greater demands for security, including encapsulation and computer safes.

Indeed, there are many tasks undertaken by computers that could not be done without them, and we have reached the point that the benefits of computerization are taken for granted.

单项选择题