问题 阅读理解与欣赏

阅读下面的文字,完成下面问题。

树影下的家族(有删改)

朱以撒

  ①生前寂寞身后名,可以作为众多贤人的注解。孔子也不例外,他的行踪,实在是很可以给后人一些警策的。尽管他的身影已意象化,如一道遥远的风景。

  ②他活着的时候,美风良俗“礼崩乐坏”,物欲横流,生灵涂炭。在严酷的现实面前,孔子不是躲在他的三间故宅里,作高头讲章,而是坚决地干预现实生活。如任鲁国大司寇时,见鲁定公喜爱淫歌妖舞,迷恋于齐国送来的八十名美女歌妓,便心急如焚。当劝谏无效时,他的文人脾性就上来了,辞去大司寇的职务,开始他颠沛流离的生活。

  ③他的漂泊,是以自己的身体语言在奋力抗争,阳光普照也罢,风寒霜雪也罢。只是在过于雄大磅礴的苍凉空间下,他觉得自己有些力不从心了。尤其是周游卫、陈、蔡、楚后,他的主张“终无任用”,这是多么大的打击啊。他的心一定在疲惫中触及到寂寞的苍凉了。夜间听漏,漏尽更残,失意仿佛没有尽头,氤氲迷雾中不见曙色。他的出行,在后人看来是一种象征,在当时却是怎样一种痛苦——他那摇摇晃晃却执着朝前的身影,成了思想史长廊里不朽的雕像。

  ④孔子是很讲“正名”的,讲究雍容之礼乐。但他却面对着扇自己耳光的窘境;周游列国时,那段“累累如丧家之犬”的日子;置身星空下,那种孤独而凄冷的仰望;逃离险境时,生命河床中无数的坎坷不平……此情此境,该如何为这种非雍容的狼狈“正名”?换了人,恐怕只有仰天长叹。孔子却是自由的,他从精神层面,消解了诸多污泥,包括浸入身边的冷落和嘲笑。用精神武器,孔子给我们展现了世间最绚烂的美丽、雍容和华贵,高洁和清贫就这么融洽地得以正名!

  ⑤怀想着几千年的事迹,我花了大半天的时间在幽深的孔府里穿行。我在孔府的树影下变得那般弱小。古老的树影使我的呼吸变得滞重,树影上布满了时光的符号和思念的语言。尽管我和孔府相处是如此的短暂,寒冷却一直扑击着我。 

  ⑥孔子生前的执着和忧郁,他的后人没有体验,不能细品,却享用了名噪古今的荣华。一顶顶光焰四射的桂冠飞临,使孔府光芒万丈。声名的显赫对于前人来说,是一种肯定,一种精神上的追补,而对于后人来说,荣耀的同时也万般沉重。他们不能过普通人那般轻轻松松的寻常日子了,动不动就被称为多少代“衍圣公”,一举手一投足必然要有衍圣公那架式。除了给予孔子后人优渥的生活条件外,又增加了多少文化品位、美学价值于其中呢?就是那些封给孔子一顶顶桂冠的帝王们,好像尊孔得很,卫道得很,对儒家学说膜拜之至,可结果呢,看看宫廷内演出的一幕幕丑剧,尊孔只不过是骗人的幌子罢了。

  ⑦孔家的人早已不在高墙内树影下生活了,进入树影下的反倒是那些怀着各种各样心理的旅行者、朝拜者,和孔氏毫无瓜葛。我好几次抬起头,试图透过树影窥见头顶的青天,可是孔府接收阳光是那么的有限。这在我后来匆匆穿过孔庙的神秘和森严、孔林的枯寂和荒芜,目击那十万余树影下密集的坟茔时,我终于明白过来,是什么汇聚在树影之下。我还看见了那些风雨中面容残沥的翁仲,或蹲或倒的石兽,岿然不动,它们是在回望过去的鼎盛吧?

1.第①段写到“他的行踪,实在是很可以给后人一些警策的”,联系全文来看,孔子的行踪,可以给后人哪些警策?

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2.第⑤段写到“寒冷却一直扑击着我”,除了孔府幽深的环境让人感到寒冷之外,还有哪些原因使作者产生这种感觉?

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3.怎样理解题目“树影下的家族”中的“树影”的含义?

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4.文章最后写了孔林的“翁仲”和“石兽”,其作用是什么?

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答案

1.(1)坚决地干预现实生活。

(2)奋力抗争,执着朝前。

(3)以高洁和自由的精神,为生活的窘境正名。(意对即可)

2.(1)孔子生前的寂寞凄凉。

(2)孔子的后人没有体验和细品苦难却想享用到荣华。

(3)孔子后人享受到的荣耀却也带给他们万般沉重。

(4)孔子后人享受荣耀却并没有增加多少文化品位、美学价值。

(5)尊孔卫道的虚伪。

(6)孔府的衰败。

3.(1)孔府幽深的树影。

(2)孔子带给孔家后人的荣耀和影响。

4.(1)营造苍凉的气氛。

(2)与孔府的鼎盛形成对比,对孔子精神在现实中的衰落起到了突出强调的作用。(意对即可)

填空题
单项选择题

I came across an old country guide the other day. It listed all the tradesmen in each village in my part of the country, and it was impressive to see the great variety of services which were available on one’s own doorstep in the late Victorian countryside.

Nowadays a superficial traveler in rural England might conclude that the only village tradesmen still flourishing were either selling frozen food to the inhabitants or selling antiques to visitors. Nevertheless, this would really be a false impression. Admittedly there has been a contraction of village commerce, but its vigor is still remarkable.

Our local grocer’s shop, for example, is actually expanding in spite of the competition from supermarkets in the nearest town. Women sensibly prefer to go there and exchange the local news while doing their shopping, instead of queueing up anonymously at a supermarket. And the proprietor knows well that personal service has a substantial cash value.

His Prices may be a bit higher than those in the town, but he will deliver anything at any time. His assistants think nothing of bicycling down the village street in their lunch hour to-take a piece of cheese to an old-age pensioner who sent her order by word of mouth with a friend who happened to be passing. The more affluent customers telephone their shopping lists and the goods are on their doorsteps within an hour. They have only to hint at a fancy for some commodity outside the usual stock and the grocer, a red-faced figure, instantly obtains it for them.

The village gains from this sort of enterprise, of course. But I also find it satisfactory because a village shop offers one of the few ways in which a modest individualist can still get along in the world without attaching himself to the big battalions of industry or commerce.

Most of the village shopkeepers I know, at any rate, are decidedly individualist in their ways. For example, our shoemaker is a formidable figure: a thick-set, irritable man whom children treat with marked respect, knowing that an ill-judged word can provoke an angry eruption at any time. He stares with contempt at the pairs of cheap, mass-produced shoes taken to him for repair: has it come to this, he seems to be saying, that he, a craftsman, should have to waste his skills upon such trash But we all know he will in fact do excellent work upon them. And he makes beautiful shoes for those who can afford such luxury.

The local grocer’s shop is expanding even though () .

A.town shops are more attractive

B.town shops are larger and less well-known

C.people like to shop where they are less well-known

D.people get extra service in townshops