问题 综合题

在(15分)近代社会的民主思想与实践

材料一 为改变政教合一的封建专制制度,凯末尔采取了三项带有决定性的政治措施:消灭苏丹制、宣布共和国、废除哈里发制。土耳其政府撤销了宗教基金事务部,废除了宗教法和宗教法院,确定了国民议会的立法权;规定学习必须提供非宗教的现代化教育,加强土耳其民族意识的教育;废除伊斯兰旧历,正式采用世界大多数国家通用的公元历。

——摘编自吴于廑、齐世荣主编《世界史  现代史编》上卷

材料二 虽然土耳其在他(凯末尔)死后走过了漫长的道路,但这个国家所遵循的原则基本上还是他生前制定的指导方针:建立及捍卫疆域有限的土耳其民族国家;启迪土耳其人民的民族意识;摆脱伊斯兰教对国家法律和教育的控制;不但要物质生活西化,人们的思想和风俗习惯也要西化。

——戴维森《从瓦解到新生——土耳其的现代化历程》

(1)依据材料概括指出凯末尔革命和改革的主要原则。(5分)

(2)根据材料并结合所学知识,简析凯末尔革命和改革在土耳其近代民主化进程中的意义。(10分)

答案

(1)原则:政教分离(世俗化);民主化;法制化;近代化、民族主义。(5分)

(2)意义:赢得了国家的独立和自由,废除苏丹制度,建立资产阶级共和国;通过全面彻底改革,在立法、教育和历法等方面去除伊斯兰教的影响,实现了政教分离,使土耳其由一个封建神权国家转变为现代资本主义国家,走上了民族复兴道路。(10分)

题目分析:(1)根据材料信息,“消灭苏丹制、宣布共和国、废除哈里发制” “土耳其政府撤销了宗教基金事务部,废除了宗教法和宗教法院”—— 政教分离(世俗化)、民主化;“确定了国民议会的立法权” ——法制化;“规定学习必须提供非宗教的现代化教育”“ 废除伊斯兰旧历,正式采用世界大多数国家通用的公元历” ——近代化;“加强土耳其民族意识的教育”—— 民族主义。

(2)根据材料并结合所学知识,凯末尔革命的胜利,使土耳其摆脱了民族危机,为发展民族经济,推动文化和社会进步,创造了前提条件。凯末尔政府的改革,促使土耳其走上民族国家复兴和现代化的道路,它代表了土耳其民族资产阶级的利益和要求,有利于社会生产力的发展。改革的中心内容是反帝反封建,而反神权是反封建的重要内容之一。在政治方面, * * 、社会同宗教的分离,有助于巩固民族独立和共和制度,具有极大的进步意义;在经济方面,基本上改变了封建的、半殖民地的生产方式,使土耳其基本上摆脱了封建主义的束缚和帝国主义的奴役,初步发展了民族资本主义;文化教育和社会习俗的改革,振奋了民族精神,坚定了人们的民族自信心。因此,凯末尔的改革是同时代亚非半殖民地国家中惟一取得成功的一次改革。

判断题
填空题

I ply agree with the contention that absence of choice is a rare circumstance, primarily because this contention accords with common sense and our everyday experience as human beings. Besides, the reverse claim-that we do not have free choice-serves to undermine the notions of moral accountability and human equality, which are critical to the survival of any democratic society.

41. The role of free will of humans in choice

Common sense dictates that humans have free will, and therefore the true absence of choice is very rare. The only possible exceptions would involve extreme and rare circumstances such as solitary imprisonment or a severe mental or physical deficiency—any of which might potentially strip a person of his or her ability to make conscious choices. Yet, even under these circumstances, a person still retains choices about voluntary bodily functions and movement. Thus, the complete absence of choice would seem to be possible only in a comatose state or in death.

42. The nature of absence of choice

People often claim that life’s circumstances leave them with "no choice." One might feel trapped in a job or a marriage. Under financial duress a person might claim that he or she has "no choice" but to declare bankruptcy, take a demeaning job, or even lie or steal to obtain money. The fundamental problem with these sorts of claims is that the claimants are only considering those choices that are not viable or attractive. That is, people in situations such as these have an infinite number of choices; it’s just that many of the choices are unappealing, even self-defeating.

43. Choice is beyond our control

Besides, the contention that we are almost invariably free to choose is far more appealing from a sociopolitical standpoint than the opposite claim. A complete tack of choice implies that every person’s fate is determined, and that we all lack free will. According to the philosophical school of "strict determinism," every event, including human actions and Choices, that occurs is physically necessary given the laws of nature and events that preceded that event or choice. In other words, the "choices" that seem part of the essence of our being are actually beyond our control.

44. The logical result of strict determinism and of the new "scientific determinism"

However, the logical result of strict determinism and of the new "scientific determinism" is that we are not morally accountable for our actions and choices, even those that harm other individuals or society. Moreover, throughout history monarchs and dictators have embraced determinism, at least ostensibly, to bolster their claim that certain individuals are preordained to assume positions of authority or to rise to the top levels of the socioeconomic infrastructure. Finally, the notion of scientific determinism opens the door for genetic engineering, which poses a potential threat to equality in socioeconomic opportunity, and could lead to the development of a so-called "master race." Admittedly, these disturbing implications neither prove nor disprove the determinists’ claims.

45. Insistence of tree will

I would concede that science might eventually disprove the very notion of free will. However, until that time I’ll trust my p intuition that free will is an essential part of our being as humans and, accordingly, that humans are responsible for their own choices and actions.

[A] For example, almost every person who claims to be trapped in a job is simply choosing to retain a certain measure of financial security. The choice to forego this security is always available, although it might carry unpleasant consequences.

[B] Our collective life experience is that we make choices and decisions every day on a continual basis.

[C] However, the dilemma seams to be unavoidable which gives people a lot of Painfully experience with it.

[D] In sum, despite the fact that we all experience occasional feelings of being trapped and having no choice, the statement is fundamentally correct.

[E] Recent advances in molecular biology and genetics lend some credence to the determinists’ position that as physical beings our actions are determined by physical forces beyond our control. New research suggests that these physical forces include our own individual genetic makeup.

[F] Assuming that neither free will nor determinism has been proven to be the correct position, the former is to be preferred by any humanist and in any democratic society.

41()