问题 阅读理解与欣赏

阅读下面文字,完成1-3小题。

“道不远人”:处处把目光投向现实世界

杨国荣

  ①所谓“日用即道”,亦即强调道就体现并内在于人的日常生活之中。     

  ②按照中国文化的理解,道作为宇宙人生的终极原理和统一的真理,无法与人相分。《老子》已提出“域中有四大”之说,所谓“四大”则指道、天、地、人四项,其中既包括广义的“物”(天地),亦涉及人,而涵盖二者的最高原理则是道。值得注意的是,在这里,作为最高原理的“道”与人并非彼此相分,二者作为域中四大中的两项而呈现内在关联。     

  ③在儒家那里,也可以看到类似观念。儒家反复强调道非超然于人:“道不远人。人之为道而远人,不可以为道也。”道并不是与人隔绝的存在,离开了人的为道过程,道只是抽象思辨的对象,难以呈现其真切实在性。而所谓为道(追寻道),则具体展开于日常生活过程之中。     

  ④强调“道”和“人”之间不可分割、相互联系的重要涵义之一,是肯定道所具有的各种意义唯有通过人自身的知和行、认识世界和改变世界的过程,才能呈现出来。正如深山中的花自开自落,并无美或不美的问题,只有在人的审美活动中,它的审美意义才得到呈现。作为社会理想和规范系统的“道”,其意义更是直接地通过人自身的知行活动而形成。上述意义上的道,都具有“不远人”的品格。从哲学的视域看,以上观念的重要之点,在于把人对世界的理解过程和意义的生成过程联系起来。

  ⑤道和人之间相互关联的另一重涵义,是“日用即道”。所谓“日用即道”,亦即强调道人的日用常行而存在,它就体现并内在于人的日常生活之中。这一观点的重要之点在于没有把道视为一种彼岸世界的存在或超越的对象,而是把它引入到现实之中,使之与人的日用常行息息相关。在孔子那里,已可看到这类观念。孔子的学生曾向孔子请教有关鬼神的事情,孔子的回答是:“未能事人,焉能事鬼?”他的学生又问有关死的事,孔子的回答依然是:“未知生,焉知死?”在孔子看来,我们应当关心的,不是那种超越的对象,不是远离现实人生的存在,而就是人自身的现实存在和现实生活。总之,从“道不远人”的观念出发,儒家处处把目光引向现实的世界。    

  ⑥道不远人,同时也规定了道和人的实践活动无法相分。在实践过程中,道的品格具体地表现为“中”。儒家一再谈到“中道”或“中庸之道”,孟子便主张“中道而立”,荀子也肯定:“道之所善,中则可从。”道作为实践的原理,其意义首先便体现在“中”之上。这种“中”并不仅仅是量的概念。从量的概念去理解,“中”往往表现为与两端等距离的那一点,然而,中国文化家们所说的“中”,更多体现为实践过程中处理、协调各种关系的一种原则。在天道的层面,道首先表现为多样的统一。从多样的统一这一视域看,“中”就在于使统一体中的各个方面彼此协调。千差万别的事物同处于一个系统,如何恰当地定位它们,使之各得其所,这就是“中”所涉及的重要方面。道同时体现于变化过程,表现为发展的原理。从过程的角度来看,“中”则关乎不同演化阶段之间如何协调的问题。以上意义上的“中”,其实质的内涵集中体现于“度”的观念。这种“度”的意识,同时可以看作是一种实践的智慧。

  ⑦以“度”为内涵的实践智慧,体现于不同的方面。《中庸》曾提出了一个重要思想,即“万物并育而不相害”。从本体论上看,这一命题意味着对象世界中的诸种事物都各有存在根据,彼此共存于天下。从人的实践活动看,“万物并育而不相害”则涉及不同的个体、团体、民族、国家之间的共处、交往问题,它以承认不同个体的差异、不同社会领域的分化为前提。个体的差异、不同社会领域的分化是一种历史演化过程中无法否认的事实,如何使分化过程中形成的不同个体、存在形态以非冲突的方式共处于世界之中,便成为“万物并育而不相害”所指向的实质问题,在这里,所谓“并育而不相害”,便要求以“度”的中道原则,恰当地处理、协调社会共同体中方方面面的关系。这种协调方式没有一定之规,也没有一成不变的程序,它需要根据实践生活的具体形态来加以调节。这种调节作用就体现了一种“度”的智慧。 (节选自《中国文化中的“道”》)

1.下列有关“道”的理解表述不正确的一项是(     )

A.“日用即道”,道体现并内在于人的日常生活之中。

B.儒、道两家学说中“道”都涉及到人,说明儒、道两家对“道”的理解是一致的。

C.道是抽象的,道的意义只有通过人自身的知和行、认识世界和改变世界的过程,方可呈现出来。

D.道的品格具体表现为“中”,它体现了实践过程中处理、协调各种关系的一种原则。

2.下列理解和分析与原文内容相符的一项是(     )

A.在儒家那里,道是宇宙人生的终极原理和统一的真理。

B.孔子只关心自身的现实存在,而反对关心任何超现实的对象。

C.儒家的“中道”,实质内涵则集中体现在“度”的观念上,可以看作一种实践智慧。

D.从哲学的视域来看,“道”具有“不远人”的品质,即在于把人对世界的理解过程和自身的生活过程联系起来。

3.下列表述与原文观点不相符的一项是(     )

A.儒家的“中庸之道”,能使“万物并育而不相害”。

B.深山中的花开花落,本身不存在美或不美的问题,因为其审美意义是要在人的审美活动中才得到呈现的,这就是“美不远人”。

C.儒家反复强调道并非超然于人,它能具体展开于人的日常生活过程中。

D.“万物并育而不相害”,体现了“度”的智慧,这种智慧能使不同个体的差异、不同社会领域的分化过程以非冲突的方式共处于世界之中。

答案

1.B

2.C

3.A

阅读理解

Some fish form huge schools. Could fish set up schools and teach their children how to survive in the ocean? You may ask. No. Here the “schools” are not the places where you study. They are fish shoals (鱼群) that cover tens of kilometers. What causes hundreds of millions of fish to gather and move together is one of biology’s mysteries.

Darkness appears to be the first step to the creation of shoals, according to a study published in the March 27 journal Science. A team of researchers from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and five other institutions studied Atlantic herring (鲱鱼), which forms shoals on a fishing ground off Massachusetts. They used an underwater imaging technology and fish-finding sonar (声纳) to observe the herring over several days in autumn when they spawn (产卵).

They found that, as the sun set, fish in scattered (分散的) groups began swimming much closer to one another than they normally do. When the number of fish reached a certain point in an area, this set off a chain reaction of similar behavior that spread like a sound wave through the water.

The herring’s movement seemed to be started by sunset. The team didn’t record the breakup of these shoals, but a previous study suggested that as the sun rose, the shoals fell apart.

“When the light fades (逐渐消失), it’s safer for the fish to move away from the seabed,” says Nicholas Makris, a professor at MIT who led the research. “Once they have a certain number of other fish, they suddenly come together - forming a shoal covering tens of kilometers within tens of minutes.”

Herring form shoals to migrate during the autumn spawning season. Some shoals were 40 km across and 30 m from top to bottom. They formed in deep water and moved into more shallow waters to spawn.

Forming shoals helps protect them from predators (掠食者) by giving them simple strength in numbers. The ordered movement of the shoal means the fish can reach their spawning ground more quickly and more safely.

Scientists have never before gathered information on so many animals acting together. Understanding these herring shoals could lead to more ideas about what causes animals to move in schools, says Iain Couzin, a biologist at Princeton University, US.

1. Which school in the following expressions is used the same way as the underlined one in the first paragraph?

A. schools of thoughts       B. school a horse   C. a school of whales       D. a medical school

2. Which of the following statements is true?

A. There are more large shoals of herring at night than in the daytime.

B. The research on Atlantic herring was conducted independently by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

C. The larger the shoal of herring is, the more slowly it moves.

D. Scientists have found out the reason why fish gather and move together in huge shoals.

3. According to the research, herring tend to get together except ______.

A.when there are predators around  B. when they spawn C. when the sun sets  D. when the sun rises

4. What seems to be the main reason for herring to gather and move together?

A. To avoid the darkness.

B. To keep other kinds of fish out of their spawning ground.

C. To spawn in the shallow waters.

D. To make themselves feel safe.

计算题