问题 问答题 论述题

试分析产业集群的形成和演化机制。

答案

参考答案:

目前,关于产业集群的形成与演化有多种解释的理论视角,主要的有集聚经济原理,交易费用理论,创新理论和产业组织理论。

第一,集聚经济原理的解释。根据集聚经济原理,产业集聚能够产生外部规模经济和外部范围经济。企业在空间上的集聚能够有利于相互之间开展分工与合作,促进知识的传播与学习,从而获得规模经济。同时,由于集聚而增加了企业的数量,相互之间建立垂直或者水平联系,扩大了产业集群内部的生产范围,从而使中小企业获得外部范围经济。

第二、交易费用理论的解释。根据交易费用理论,企业在空间上集聚使得交易的对象和空间范围相对稳定,有利于减少经营环境的不确定性,有利于市场机制发挥作用。在产业集群内,企业之间的联系根植于地方社会网络,更容易建立互信,降低交易的成本和生产成本。同时,本地市场成长,潜在需求的增加,也会促使分工深化,并使企业集聚的规模进一步扩大。

第三,创新理论的解释。根据创新理论,企业在空间上集聚,可以从两个方面促进创新。一方面,中小企业、相关的各类机构、有经验的消费者的集聚,为企业创新提供良好的环境,有利于专门化知识的积累和传播,从而有利于企业的创新。另一方面,在产业集群内,企业之间的激烈竞争也为开展创新提供了外在的动力。创新所产生的财富示范效应,也会引导越来越多的企业加入到创新的行列。还有一个重要的方面是,在产业集群内,借助于空间上近邻的关系,通过正式和非正式的交流、形成了有利于知识和技术传播的环境,使得对创新起重要作用的隐含的经验类知识得以传播。

第四,产业组织理论的解释。根据产业组织理论,在产业集群内,由于有本地的劳动力市场、中介服务、基础设施、市场需求等构成的较好的发展环境,企业的创建和衍生相对比较容易。同时,金融、管理、产权交易等方面的条件较好,企业的退出也比较方便。所以,产业集群内的企业进入和退出壁垒都较低,有利于的竞争优势,对于产业集群外部的企业进入到该产业内部就构成了较高的壁垒,从而为产业集群的持续发展创造了有利的外部条件。

阅读理解

We are not born doubting ourselves. We learn to do it. In fact, we are usually taught to doubt ourselves. We can learn some ways that allow us to become more accepting of ourselves. Following are two behaviors that might explain the reasons why you can’t move towards greater self-acceptance.

One thing that might cause you not to accept yourself is over-generalizing about something you've done that you don’t like.For example, if you fail a test you might generalize and say, “I’m really a stupid person.” When you do this you are making a statement about all of you all of the time and not just about this one situation at this time. Instead, you might decide that your grade on this test in this subject at this time was indeed poor, and then go on to decide what you want to do about your poor grade, if anything. Getting stuck in over-generalizing discourages you from taking steps that might allow you to do better on the next exam and to build an expectation of future failure.

Having standards that are impossibly high is a second way you can not accept yourself. It may not come as a surprise to you that most of us are more demanding of ourselves than we are of others. Somehow we can tolerate the fact that other people fail, that they aren’t always kind, that they’ve done things they aren’t proud of, but we have difficulty accepting those very human aspects of ourselves. The need to be perfect is another way to set yourself up for failure and enhance the feeling that you are not acceptable. We all make mistakes. Accepting less than perfection simply means recognizing the limitations natural in being born a human being. Learn to value who you are rather than who you could become. Wouldn’t it be overpowering if we always had to do what we imagine we could do? Nobody has the time and energy to do all of that. We must make choices about what we will pursue and do them the best we can under the circumstances, which aren’t always ideal, by the way.

60.Which of the following is true according to the passage?

A. We can feel that we are perfect when we set ourselves up for success.

B. We can tolerate the fact that we’ve done things we aren’t proud of.

C. Over-generalizing might encourage you to expect the future.

D. Over-generalizing might cause you not to accept yourself.

61.What is the author’s attitude according to the passage?

A. It’s necessary for people to be perfect.

B. It’s acceptable for people to be imperfect.

C. It’s strange for people to be born with limitation.

D. It’s possible for people to do what they imagine.

62.What has caused the lack of self-acceptance?

A. Tolerance and high-level.

B. Limitation and expectation.

C. Over-generalization and high-standard.

D. Extreme difficulty and complete failure.

单项选择题