问题 单项选择题

对于装配整体式的钢筋混凝土屋盖,当s<32时,砌体结构房屋的静力计算方案属于()。

A.刚性方案

B.刚弹性方案

C.弹性方案

D.不能确定

答案

参考答案:A

阅读理解与欣赏

限制生物长大的“魔咒”

赵尚泉

        ①放眼地球生物圈,最大的动物只有两种,陆地上是大象,海洋里是鲸;次一级的动物,海洋里有鲨鱼、海豚等,陆地上有马、牛、老虎等;更小的动物,陆地上有狼、兔等,海洋里则有蟹、虾等。依此类推,从大动物到小动物,个体大小、多少堆积起来的“生物金字塔”,生物个体尺度和物种数量之间成反比,物种个体越大,生存难度越大,数量自然越少。

       ②同时,大自然还给所有物种都下了“魔咒”:每个物种不能要多大就多大!如最高的树木桉树,可以长到100米以上,但没有超过160米的。

       ③为什么所有地球生物都受制于这个“魔咒”呢?科学家认为,陆地和海洋两个“生物金字塔”的差异本身,为我们提供了谜底:如蓝鲸可以长到3l米,而大象大的也只有10米,前者与后者的大小比例差不多是3:1。再看看大洋和陆地的面积,它们之间的比例大约也是3:1。生物的生存空间决定了生物的大小。

        ④为什么生存空间大小有如此魔力?科学家认为,对生物来说,真正发挥魔力的是生存资源总量的多少,而资源总量恰恰受制于生存空间。 

       ⑤许多生物的演化历史也能生动说明这个“魔咒”的魔力。

       ⑥以恐龙为例,“魔咒”显灵恐怕是恐龙灭绝最有说服力的原因之一。据化石推断,当时最大的恐龙约有23米长,那时地球上的大陆都是连在一起的,是联合古陆,所以巨大的恐龙才有可能演化出来。到一亿多年前,地球板块运动导致大陆漂移,联合古陆四分五裂。大陆的规模变小了,于是“魔咒”发威,取消了恐龙的生存权。

       ⑦和恐龙相比,蓝鲸就乖顺多了。大约6000万年以前,陆地上出现了一个哺乳动物家族,现在的牛、马、羊、河马等都是它们的后裔。这类动物有的居住在水边,有时为了填饱肚子,不得不到水中找食物。它们学会了游泳,发现水下的食物要比陆地上多得多,干脆下到了海里――这就是最初的鲸类。从出土的化石看,最初的鲸比现在要小得多,后来才发育得愈来愈大,进化到今天的样子。这说明鲸类到了海洋后很快摆脱了陆地的“魔咒”限制,适应了海洋的“魔咒”。

       ⑧包括人类在内的地球生物,块头大小都是自然选择的结果,都无法摆脱“魔咒”的限制。所以,地球生物圈这个限制生物长大的“魔咒”至少给我们这样的启示:人类没有必要依靠非自然力使自己变得高大威猛,那样会使人类踏上不归路;人类应该保护而不是侵占地球生物应有的生存空间,否则会剥夺它们的生存权。

1、通读全文,根据文章内容填空。

     限制生物长大的“魔咒”是:__________________,所有地球生物都受制于这个“魔咒”的原因是:

  _____________________,而让这个“魔咒”真正发挥魔力的决定因素是:___________________。

2、结合⑤—⑦段内容,简要说说蓝鲸进化的原因。

  _________________________________________________________________________________________

3、下列对本文理解与分析错误的一项是[ ]

A、在“植物金字塔”中,从小植物到大植物,个体越大,生存难度越大,数量自然越少。

B、第②段画线句子运用举例子和列数据的方法说明大自然给所有物种都下了“魔咒”。

C、第③段中加点词语体现了本文语言的准确、严密。

D、地球生物圈这个限制生物长大的“魔咒”给人类这样的启示:人类必须依靠非自然力尽可能的占有生存空间,否则会使自己踏上不归路。

单项选择题

It is clear that some chemicals can damage the health of animals and humans. (1) , this is not the only problem that (2) be caused by the careless use of chemicals. Chemicals can also (3) the ecological balance of the environment. If the ecological balance is disturbed, the results can be (4) serious.

The (5) of DDT illustrates the problem. DDT, a chemical which kills insects, at first seemed to be a perfect answer (6) many problems. It would control insects that caused dangerous diseases, (7) insects that caused billions of dollars of damage to crops every year. Governments permitted and even (8) the use of DDT. Farmers in many countries (9) to spray it on their crops. The (10) results were good: Damage to crops (11) down, and profits went up. However, the chemical had effects which the scientists didn’t see in (12) . First, it also killed insects which were the (13) enemies of the harmful insects and which were therefore beneficial to farmers. Second, and perhaps worse, DDT did not kill (14) harmful insect. A few insects had natural resistance to the chemical. They (15) and reproduced in large numbers. In a few years there were large numbers of insects which were not (16) by DDT, and there were (17) insects which could act as natural (18) on these new "super-insects". Finally, it became clear that DDT was not solving the insect problem. In fact, it was making the problem worse. It (19) became necessary to find a second (20) for the effects of the first.

12()

A.need 

B.turn 

C.advance

D.vain