问题 问答题 简答题

奥氏体化的四个阶段。

答案

参考答案:

珠光体向奥氏体化是扩散型相变,转变过程分为四个阶段。

1)奥氏体的形核

将共析钢加热到Ac1温度以上,奥氏体晶核优先在铁素体和渗碳体相界面上形核。这是因为相界面上原子排列不规则,偏离了平衡位置,处于能量较高的状态,并且相界面上碳浓度处于过渡状态(即界面一侧是含碳量低的铁素体,另一侧是含碳量高的渗碳体),容易出现碳浓度起伏,因此相界面上了具备形核所需的结构起伏(原子排列不规则)、能量起伏(处于高能量状态)和浓度起伏,所以,奥氏体晶核优先在相界面上形核。

2)奥氏体的长大

在相界面上形成奥氏体晶核后,与含碳量高的渗碳体接触的奥氏体一侧含碳量高,而与含碳量低的铁素体接触的奥氏体一侧含碳量低。这必然导致碳在奥氏体中由高浓度一侧向低浓度一侧扩散。碳在奥氏体中的扩散一方面促使铁素体向奥氏体转变,另一方面也促使渗碳体不断地溶入奥氏体中。这样奥氏体就随之长大了。

实验证明:铁素体向奥氏体的转变速度,通常要比渗碳体的溶解速度快得多,因此铁素体总比渗碳体消失得早。铁素体的消失标志着奥氏体长大结束。

3)残余渗碳体的溶解

铁素体消失后,随保温时间的延长,剩余渗碳体通过碳原子的扩散,逐渐溶入奥氏体中,直至渗碳体消失为止。

4)奥氏体的均匀化

渗碳体完全消失后,碳在奥氏体中的成分是不均匀的,原先是渗碳体的位置碳浓度高,原先是铁素体的位置碳浓度低。随着保温时间的延长,通过碳原子的扩散,得到均匀的、共析成分的奥氏体。

总之,共析钢的奥氏体化过程包括:奥氏体形核、奥氏体长大、残余渗碳体的溶解和奥氏体均匀华四个阶段。

单项选择题

The first and most important agents of socialization are the people who care for infants. In the earliest months, messages from nurturers constitute the child’’s basic understanding of the world around it. This is the infant’’s first introduction to the language that shapes perception and elicits emotion.Another powerful source of information and socialization is the friendship of peers. Peers are equals that one can deal with on the same level as oneself, whereas parents are superiors. The heavy emotional overlay of family relationships makes some kinds of learning difficult.Much formal socialization is placed in the hands of professionals. Teachers from kindergarten on are specifically designated agents of socialization. Ideally, a teacher is one who has both knowledge and the skills to present it. During the course of teaching their subjects, classroom instructors provide role models and attempt to convey the excitement of learning itself.In earlier times, parents, friends and teachers would comprise the list of primary childhood socializers. Children’’s books, comics and magazines might also have been mentioned as sources of information on norms and role models. Today one must add three powerful indirect or non-personal socialization agents: radio, movies and television. Many people learn about politics, form a vision of well-being, and develop attitudes towards others from what they see on the screen and hear through the speakers.

Which of the following would be the best title for this passage

A.Childhood Socializers

B.Norms & Role Models

C.Sources of Information

D.Agents of Socialization

单项选择题