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文纳特卡制华虚朋在任文纳特卡学校校长期间,与教员们共同研讨、制定并实施了一种新的课程教法制度——文纳特卡制。核心思想是

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①每个孩子都应有独立人格,都有获得全面发展的权利;②集体教学法应让位于促进个性发展的方法。为实现人格的全面发展,每个孩子都要经历三个教育阶段:第一,掌握基本的知识和技能;第二,有充分的机会表现自己,从事创造性活动;第三,逐渐认识自己是社会的一名成员。要使学生掌握基本的知识和技能,教师首先要选定各学科的共同要素,然后选择学生能接受的方式传授。华虚朋认为在个人能力的各要素中,最关键的是自我表现能力,学校可提供作文、模拟记者采访、演剧等机会让学生尽情表现自我。培养社会感和合作精神的最佳途径是让学生参加集体活动。文纳特卡制和道尔顿制基本上是一致的,但它强调基本知识和技能在儿童个性发展中的作用,突出培养儿童的自我教育能力和社会感,被认为是对道尔顿制的改进。

完形填空
Everybody knows how to learn.  Learning is  a natural thing.  It begins the     we are  born.  Our first  teachers are our f amilies. At  home  we  learn  to talk and to         and feed ourselves. We learn these and other skills by       .
Then we go to school. A teacher tells us      to learn and how to learn.  Many teachers teach us, and we pass many tests and exams. Then people say we are      .
Are we really educated? Let's     the real meaning of learning.  Knowing facts doesn't          being  able to solve problems.  Solving  problems requires creativity, not just a good     . Some people who don’t know many       can also be good at solving problems.
Henr Ford is a good       . He left school at the age of 15. Later, when his company couldn’ t build cars     enough, he solved the problem. He       of the assembly line. Today the answer seems      . Yet, just think of the many university  graduates who       solve any problems.
What does a good teacher do? Does he      students factct remember? Well, yes, we must sometimes remember facts. But a good teacher       how to find answers. He brings us to the stream of knowledge so we can think for ourselves. When we are      , we know where to go.
True learning combines intake with output. We take information      our brains. Then we use it. Think of a      ; it stores a lot of information, but it can’t think. It only obeys commands. A person who only remembers facts hasn’t really learned. Learning takes      only when a person can use what he knows.
小题1:
A.monthB.minuteC.timeD.day
小题2:
A.wearB.put onC.have onD.dress
小题3:
A.askingB.listeningC.followingD.drilling
小题4:
A.whatB.whenC.thatD.who
小题5:
A.controlledB.educatedC.sufferedD.passed
小题6:
A.pick upB.turn awayC.set outD.think about
小题7:
A.meanB.sayC.suggestD.show
小题8:
A.wordB.thingC.memoryD.condition
小题9:
A.peopleB.factsC.techniquesD.ways
小题10:
A.learnerB.teacherC.exampleD.driver
小题11:
A.newB.fastC.beautifulD.cheap
小题12:
A.complainedB.heardC.talkedD.thought
小题13:
A.ordinaryB.strangeC.simpleD.special
小题14:
A.neverB.almostC.seldomD.ever
小题15:
A.makeB.understandC.masterD.give
小题16:
A.knowsB.showsC.ordersD.encourages
小题17:
A.thirstyB.tiredC.boredD.free
小题18:
A.ofB.forC.aboutD.into
小题19:
A.radioB.computerC.recordD.machine
小题20:
A.measuresB.notesC.placeD.time
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