问题 问答题 论述题

西斯蒙第提出的“新原理”与英国的古典经济学有何不同?

答案

参考答案:

西斯蒙第把自己的学说称为“政治经济学新原理”。认为英国古典学派只把国民财富作为研究对象是有缺陷的,人们用劳动创造财富的目的是为了满足自己的愿望和需要,而不是为财富而创造财富。英国古典学派单纯追求财富的增加,无视人们的享受,不了解“财富正是属于人而且为人所享受的”,结果在英国造成国家财富虽急剧增加了,但人民却更加贫困的状况。

西斯蒙第认为应该对英国古典学派理论进行“修正”或补充,不仅要研究财富,而且要研究人的享受。他认为:“财富既然是人的一切物质享受的标志,我们就应该使它给所有的人带来幸福;我们必须使财富的增长跟人口的增加相互一致;在这些人口之间进行财富分配时必须按照这样一个比例,即如果没有特大的天灾人祸,他们不会为生活所苦。”西斯蒙第把物质福利作为政治经济学的研究对象,同时把国家作为研究政治经济及进行经济实践活动的主体。

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Passage Four

It is all very well to blame traffic jams, the cost of petrol and the quick pace of modern life, but manners on the roads are becoming horrible. Everybody knows that the nicest men become monsters behind the wheel. It is all very well, again to have a tiger in the bank, but to have one in the driver’s seat is another matter altogether. You might tolerate the rude and inconsiderate driver, but nowadays the well-mannered motorist is the exception to the rule. Perhaps the situation calls for a "Be Kind to Other Drivers" campaign, otherwise it may get completely out of hand.
Road politeness is not only good manners, but good sense too. It takes the most cool-headed and good-tempered drivers to resist the temptation to revenge then subjected to uncivilized behavior. On the other hand, a little politeness goes a long way towards relieving the tensions of driving. A friendly nod or a wave of acknowledgement in response to an act of politeness helps to are ate an atmosphere of goodwill and tolerance so necessary in modern traffic conditions. But such acknowledgements of politeness are all too rare today. Many drivers nowadays don’t even seem able to recognize politeness when they see it.
However, improper politeness can also be dangerous. Typical examples are the driver who brakes violently to allow a car to emerge from a side street at some hazard to following traffic, when a few seconds later the road would be clear anyway; or the man who waves a child across a zebra crossing into the path of oncoming vehicles that may be unable to stop in time. The same goes for encouraging old ladies to cross the road wherever and whenever they want to.
A veteran driver, whose manners are faultless, told me it would help if motorists learnt to filter correctly into traffic streams one at a time without causing the total blockages (堵塞) that give rise to bad temper. Unfortunately, modern motorists can’t even learn to drive, let alone be well-mannered on the road. Years ago the experts warned us that the car-ownership explosion would demand a lot more give-and-take from all road users. It is high time for us to take this message to heart.

Experts have long pointed out that in the face of car-ownership explosion ______.

A.road users should make more sacrifice

B.drivers should be ready to yield to each other

C.drivers should have more communication among themselves

D.drivers will suffer great loss if they pay no respect to others