问题 问答题 简答题

试述苏轼的文学思想。

答案

参考答案:

苏轼是北宋最重要的文学家和文学理论家,他的文学思想主要表现为:

一、是主张“有为而作”。这一思想受到欧阳修和他父亲苏洵的影响,如他说“言必当世之过”就手欧阳修“中于时病而不为空言”的影响;他说“不能不为之为工”就受到他父亲“风水相遭”说的影响。

二、是论艺术创作中“知”与“能”的关系。比较强调“知”,认为创作时要对所描写的对象“了然于心”“了然于口与手”。

三、是论艺术构思时的心境。认为艺术构思时心境须“空静”“身与物化”,他在《送参廖师》一诗中说“欲令诗语妙,无厌空且静。静故了群动,空故纳万境”,在另一首诗论画竹时说“其身与竹化,无穷出清新”。

四、是论形与神的关系。主张以传神为主而形神并茂,他在一首诗中说“论画以形似,见于儿童邻。赋诗必此诗,定非知诗人”。

五、是提出“无法之法”的主张。无法之法即自然之法,任其自然而不违背艺术创作的规律,看似无法而又有法,这才是最高的法。他说杜甫“信手拈得俱天成”,就是这种“无法之法”。

六、是提倡自然平淡的风格。他在《书黄子思诗集后》中称赞韦应物、柳宗元的诗歌“发纤秾于简古,寄至味于淡泊”,评陶渊明的诗“质而实绮,癯而实腴”,要求在自然平淡中含不尽之意,在自然平淡中有无限的审美价值。

阅读理解

Chuck Wall teaches management and human relations at Bakersfield College. He walked into class one day and told his students that their homework was to perform one act of random(任意的) kindness. His students did not understand the homework and didn’t know what to do, but the professor would not answer their questions. He encouraged his students to work it out for themselves.

One week later, the students entered the classroom excited to share their stories. One student told of giving away blankets to the homeless. Another reported on helping a dog to find its owner, and another student had been trying to find a long, lost friend. Students were energized (给予活力) by the homework assignment and wanted other people to be kind too. With the support of local businesses, the students made stickers to put on cars that invited people to do something kind for others. They sold the stickers and decided to donate the money to a center for the blind---not surprising as Professor Wall is blind.

Since then, similar kindness activities have been started in schools around the world. Many schools organize a Random Acts of Kindness Week, around November 13th, to celebrate World Kindness Day. Some schools use each day of Random Acts of Kindness Week to perform a different kind act, such as making a new friend, helping someone, doing community service, or raising money for a charity. Students learn to consider other people and thank about how small actions can make the world a better place.

小题1:The professor’s homework was to ask his students _________.

A.to write about kindness.

B.to be kind to strangers

C.to spend time helping other

D.to go out to raise money小题2:We learn from the passage that ________.

A.Chuck’s students are not clever enough

B.the students didn’t do Chuck’s homework

C.Chuck Wall is an unusual teacher

D.no students enjoyed Chuck’s homework小题3:It is certain that _________.

A.the students got good grades in Chuck’s class

B.kindness activities are not widely accepted

C.Chuck Wall was not good at designing homework

D.the students only helped people they knew小题4:In kindness activities students learn _________.

A.to deal with difficult things

B.to do great things every day

C.to know about the world

D.to consider other people小题5:Which is the best title of the passage?

A.Learning Kind Things

B.Teaching Kindness

C.World Kindness Day

D.Bakersfield College

阅读理解

The ocean can be a great place to swim and play, it may also be useful in another way. Some scientists think that waves could help make electricity.

“Have you ever been on a surfboard or boat and felt yourself being lifted up by a wave?” asked Jamie Taylor of the Wave Energy Group in Scotland. “There is certainly a lot of energy in waves.”

Scientists are working on using that energy to make electricity. The United States and a few other countries have started doing research on wave energy, and it is already being used in Scotland.

Most waves are created when winds blow across the ocean. “The winds start out by making little ripples (波纹) in the water, but if they keep on blowing, those ripples get bigger and bigger and turn into waves,” Taylor said. “Waves are one of nature’s ways of picking up energy and then sending it off on a journey.”

When waves come towards the coast, people can set up dams(大坝) to block the water and send it through a large wheel called a turbine(涡轮). The turbine can then power an electrical generator(发电机).

We will never run out of wave power. Besides, wave energy does not create the same pollution as oil and coal do.

Oceans cover three quarters of the earth’s surface. That would make wave power seem perfect for creating energy around the world. But there are some disadvantages that need us to pay more attention to.

Jamie Taylor said that wave power still cost too much money. He said that its influence on animals in the sea is still unknown. Besides, wave power would get in the way of fishing and boat traffic.

With more research, “Many of these problems might be solved,” Taylor said. “Finding more energy sources(资源) is very important, for traditional sources of energy like oil and gas may run out some day.”

In the future, when you turn on a light button, an ocean wave could be providing the electricity!

小题1:We can learn from the passage that__________________.

A.almost every country is making use of the wave power at present

B.it is necessary for us to develop wave power instead of oil and coal

C.wave power will be sure to make some bad influence on sea animals

D.scientists are making efforts to find new ways of fishing and boat traffic小题2:What does the fourth paragraph tell us?

A.Why scientists are doing the research on wave power.

B.What experience that scientists have achieved so far.

C.How the wave energy forms and grows bigger.

D.Which countries are trying out wave power.小题3:What’s the writer’s attitude towards wave power?

A.The writer believes that wave power will be used widely by man.

B.The writer doubts if wave energy can be changed into electricity.

C.The writer is sure the experiments will come to the end some day.

D.The writer thinks that wave power isn’t worth researching at all.小题4:What can be the best title for the passage?

A.Sea Animals and Wave Power.

B.How Do We Get Wave Energy?

C.The Advantages of Wave Power.

D.Can Waves Make Electricity?