问题 问答题 简答题

盐业是徽商经营的最主要行业,请介绍徽商盐业经营的具体情况。

答案

参考答案:

从成化、弘治之际到万历中叶,是徽州盐商发展的时期。这时徽州的黄氏、汪氏、吴氏等家族中都有许多人以业盐两淮而致富。如黄崇敬,年轻时弃儒服贾,先在山东、山西、河北一带经商,后来寓居扬州经营盐业,成为财力雄厚的大盐商。休宁的西门汪氏也有许多人业盐致富,如汪福光在江淮之间经营盐业,他知人善任,又能把握商机,所以经营规模不断扩大,运盐的船只多达千艘,积累的资金数以万计。同乡同族的人按照他的办法经营盐业,个个都发财致富。“数十年来,乡人称富者遂有西门汪氏。”歙县溪南吴氏,亦多富商之家,其中有不少人就是经营盐业的。如正德、嘉靖间太学生吴光异弃儒服贾,业盐于扬州,因其才学出众,被盐商们奉为首领。歙县丰南吴氏,更是盐商辈出的大姓。大约在弘治时,吴尚莹就以经营盐业徙居扬州。其子正学继其业,扩大了经营规模。正学之子汝钟,从父兄经营盐业。

清代的盐商,有运商、水商、场商之分。其中运商获利最多,是盐商的主体,也是徽商所把持的主要行当。湖广地区地广人众,一直是淮盐的畅销口岸,两淮引盐半数以上都是在这里行销的,人数众多、财力雄厚的徽商,把湖广这个畅销口岸牢牢地控制在自己手里。湖北的汉口号称“江广总岸”,是湖广地区行盐的总枢纽,而汉口恰恰是徽州盐商称雄的地方。乾隆一朝,徽人充任汉口盐商首领而散见于记载者就有四人:歙商江承东、歙商吴钟、两淮总商江春的从弟江防、以及江禹治,他们实际上是两淮盐商派驻湖广的总代表。江西也是行销淮盐的重要口岸,这里销盐数额仅次于湖广,而江西也是徽州盐商势力很强的地方。徽州盐商在其他口岸也极为活跃。可以说凡是淮盐行销的地方,几无不有徽州盐商的足迹。总商是由官府指派或众商公推的盐商首领,一般由资重引多、办事干练者充任。两淮总商的一大半都是由徽人充任的,汪廷璋、鲍志道、鲍漱芳、程量入、程之歆、江春、郑鉴元等就是其中的佼佼者。他们财雄势大,手眼通天,经常集众捐资,助赈助饷,借“报效”之功,捞取政治资本。歙人汪廷璋自其曾祖父汪镳始在扬州以业盐起家,成为两淮富商。廷璋二十余岁继业后即任总商。他对“转饷、捐赈、兴工”等“动关国计”的大事,都能“赞襄举措,悉中肯綮”,因而受到朝廷的奖励。乾隆帝南巡时,授以奉宸苑卿的职衔,并赐宴行宫,赏给御书“福”字翰墨及许多宫中珍贵物品。歙人郑鉴元“总司鹾务十余年”,也多次因功受赏。他曾以捐输军饷一万两以上,被加封为中宪大夫,刑部员外郎。

填空题

阅读下面的短文,用括号中所给动词的适当形式填空,必要时可加助动词。

     You may know the song Happy Birthday very well. But do you know about its writer? It was written by an

American girl. And now she 1.             (become) a very rich woman. 

     When she was a child,she was poor. Once she 2.             (invite) to her friends' birthday party. She was

very pleased but sad because she had not enough money to buy presents for them. "The party 3.             (come)

soon. Now I have little money." Tears ran down her face.

     Later that night she was in bed, thinking about the presents when the door opened and in came her grandma,

"What 4.             (happen)?" her grandma asked. Hearing the girl's story, she said, "5.             (not worry), I

think I 6.             (help) you. How about singing a song together? Happy birthday to…" What a beautiful song!

They sang and sang. Suddenly she woke up. It was a dream! She decided to write it down at once and 7.          

(sing) it to her friends at the party.

     When she sang the song at the party the next day, her little friends were very happy. "How wonderfully she

8.            (sing)! We 9.             (not hear) such a song before. Thank you for 10.             (give) us the special

present." said one of them. And they learnt to sing it together. Later the girl became well known in America.

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