问题 问答题 简答题

简述古代奥运会衰亡的社会历史原因。

答案

参考答案:

A.战争因素:公元前5世纪末的希波战争重创了希腊奴隶制,也使奥林匹克祭典开始由盛转衰。

B.宗教因素:公元前4世纪,马其顿征服希腊后,奥运会的规模和人们对其热情日渐淡漠,进一步衰落。

C.文化因素:希腊前后被马其顿帝国、罗马帝国征服,独裁统治不止武力统治,而且还在文化、政治上统治,阻断了文化的发展。

D.自然因素:公元426年,奥林匹克遗址被洪水和地震埋没。

阅读理解

People have wondered for a long time how their personalities and behavior are formed. It is not easy to explain why one person is intelligent and another is not, or why one is cooperative and another is competitive. 

Social scientists are of course extremely interested in these types of questions. They want to explain why we possess certain characteristics and exhibit certain behavior. There are no clear answers yet, but two distinct schools of thought on the matter have developed. As one might expect, the two approaches are very different from each other, and there is a great deal of debate between proponents of each theory. The controversy is often conveniently referred to as “nature and nurture”.

Those who support the “nature” side of the conflict believe that our personalities and behavior patterns are largely determined by biological factors. That our environment has little, if anything, to do with our abilities, characteristics and behavior is central to this theory. Taken to an extreme,this theory states that our behavior is predetermined to such a great degree that we are almost completely governed by our instincts(本能).

Proponents of the “nurture” theory, or, as they are often called, behaviorists, claim that our environment is more important than our biologically based instincts in determining how we will act. A behaviorist, B. F. Skinner, sees humans as beings whose behavior is almost completely shaped by their surroundings. The behaviorists' view of the human being is quite mechanistic. They state that, like machines, humans respond to environmental stimuli (刺激) as the basis of their behavior. 

Socially and politically, the consequences of these two theories are far-reaching. In the US,for example, blacks often score below whites on standardized intelligence tests. This leads some “nature” proponents to conclude that blacks are genetically lower in status than whites. Behaviorists, on the contrary, say that the differences in scores are due to the fact that blacks are often robbed of many of the educational and other environmental advantages that whites enjoy, and that, as a result, they do not develop the same responses that whites do.

Neither of these theories can yet fully explain human behavior. In fact, it is quite likely that the key to our behavior lies somewhere between these two extremes and that the controversy will continue for a long time is certain. 

小题1:This passage is mainly concerned with ________.

A.relation between personality and behavior

B.relation between behavior and environment

C.different accounts of patterns of human behavior

D.different theories of the formation of human behavior 小题2:The underlined word “proponents” in Paragraph 2 means ________.

A.creators

B.advisors

C.advocates

D.judges小题3:In Paragraph 5, the author mainly writes about ________.

A.the considerable influence of the two theories

B.differences between the blacks and whites

C.racial discrimination in the United States

D.different responds to intelligence tests小题4:What's the author's purpose in writing the passage?

A.To call our attention to the changes of human behavior.

B.To urge scientists to do more research in social science.

C.To give us a detailed explanation of human behavior.

D.To present an argument in the field of social science.

问答题

案情:明志公司是2006年4月成立的一家股份有限公司,公司总资产2000万元,总负债 1000万元。因业务开展顺利,董事会决定,即日起正式实施以下方案:(1)以明志公司名义投资100万元,与中环公司组建普通合伙企业;(2)以明志公司名义向众星有限责任公司投资 600万元;(3)聘任王某为公司经理;(4)在公司内增设市场发展部,重点开拓海外市场。事后不久当明志公司的股东大会得知董事会的上述方案后,提出以下异议:(1)公司章程规定公司对外投资超过200万元的要由股东大会批准,因此董事会向众星公司投资的决议是无效的。 (2)聘任公司经理是股东大会的职权,董事会无权聘任;(3)公司内部管理机构的设置也是属于股东大会的职权范围,董事会不得作出;(4)董事会会议必须由2/3以上董事㈩席方可举行,而该次董事会会议只达到1/2以上,不符合法定人数;(5)董事会会议,应由董事本人出席。该次会议有1名董事因出差在外,书面委托了另一位董事代为出席董事会,是非法的。同时,股东大会认为董事王某能力低下,不能尽职,遂由出席股东大会的股东所持表决权的半数以上通过将其更换。董事会则认为,董事会的方案完全是在董事会的职权范围内作出的,并未越权。董事会的举行程序完全是合法的,所有方案均已得到了出席会议的董事的过半数通过,应当执行。而且,股东大会更换董事必须经出席会议的股东所持表决权的2/3以上通过。股东大会更换董事王某的行为在程序上不合法。
根据以上事实,回答下列问题:
1.董事会的第(1)项决议方案是否合法,为什么