问题 问答题 简答题

医学技术有限性原则。

答案

参考答案:

该原则具体表现在两个方面:

1、医师裁量权原则

由于现代医学还处于经验医学阶段,在医疗活动中有许多不确定性问题和尚未解决的问题,那么就应该允许医师依据某种学说、理论或自己的经验,在临床治疗时,对采用的方法和措施有一定程度的自由裁量权。判断医师是否有过失时,一定要充分考虑医师的裁量权。忽视和限制医师的自由裁量权,可能会影响医学发展。需要注意的是,医师使用裁量权时必须兼顾患者知情权和同意权。

2、医疗尝试原则

主要是指对罕见疾病或已知疾病的未知领域进行以挽救生命为目的的医疗尝试和试验性治疗。这里所说的未知,与并发症的可预见性不同。在鉴定时,对临床上确实难以预见的并发症可以免责;而对可以预见,但却未能预见者,或预见了但未采取补救措施者,就不能免责。采用医疗尝试或试验性治疗均需患者知情同意。医师在从事试验性治疗时,还需履行对病人损害甚微和防护措施周全之注意义务。

可是,鉴定委员会实际上是各个医院的医学专家组成,他们大多是师徒关系、同学关系、同事关系等,很难做到“客观、公正、独立、规范”。他们做出的医疗事故技术鉴定,难免有暗箱操作的嫌疑,很难令患者和社会公众信服。

所以,当医疗事故技术鉴定书确认医院不构成医疗事故时,患者选择医疗过错鉴定、因果关系鉴定,是无奈之举,也是明智之举。

完形填空
完形填空。
     The Pecan Thief
     When I was six years old, I was visiting my grandfather's farm in Kansas.  Grandpa had sent me
into the   __1__   to gather pecans for us to enjoy later.
Pecan picking was really   __2__    work and my little basket was only half full. I wasn't about to  
__3__ Grandpa down. Just then something caught my    __4__.  A large brown squirrel was a few
feet away.  I watched as he picked up a pecan, hurried to a tree and   __5__   in a large hole in the
trunk.  A moment later the squirrel    __6__    out and climbed down to the ground to pick up another
nut.  Once again, he took the pecan back to his hiding place.
     Not so   __7__   anymore, I thought. I dashed over to the tree and looked into the hole.  It was  
  __8__    with pecans! Golden pecans were right there for taking. This was my  __9__. Handful by
handful, I scooped all of those pecans into my basket. Now it was full! I was so   __10__   of myself.
I couldn't wait to show Grandpa all the pecans.   __11__, I ran back and shouted, "Look at all the
pecans!" He looked into the basket and said, "Well, well, how did you find so many?" I told him how
I'd   __12__   the squirrel
and taken the pecans from his hiding place.
     Grandpa congratulated me on how smart I'd been in observing the squirrel and his habits. Then he
did something that __13__   me. He handed the basket back to me and put his arm gently   __14__  
my shoulders.
     "That squirrel worked very hard to gather his winter   __15__ of food," he said. "Now that all of his
pecans are gone, don't you think that little squirrel will   __16__   the cold winter?"
     "I didn't think about that," I said.
     "I know," Grandpa said. "But a good man should never take   __27__   of someone else's hard
work."
     Suddenly I felt a bit   __18__. The image of the starving squirrel wouldn't   __19__   my mind. There
was only one thing I could do. I carried the basket back to the tree and poured all the nuts into the hole.
     I didn't eat any pecans that night, but I had something much more filling-the   __20__   of knowing I
had done just the right thing.
( )1.A.rooms      
( )2.A.hard        
( )3.A.let        
( )4.A.sweater    
( )5.A.joined      
( )6.A.jumped    
( )7.A.strange    
( )8.A.covered    
( )9.A.time      
( )10.A.afraid    
( )11.A.Otherwise  
( )12.A.driven    
( )13.A.annoyed    
( )14.A.off        
( )15.A.supply    
( )16.A.escape    
( )17.A.place      
( )18.A.guilty    
( )19.A.open      
( )20.A.inspiration
B. woods      
B. dirty      
B. settle    
B. basket     
B. lived      
B. held      
B. secret    
B. filled    
B. choice    
B. ashamed    
B. However    
B. followed  
B. satisfie  
B. beside    
B. cost      
B. spend      
B. notice    
B. unconfident
B. leave      
B. expectation
C. holes        
C. light        
C. have        
C. eye          
C. discovered  
C. stood        
C. anxious      
C. rebuilt      
C. chance      
C. careful      
C. Besides      
C. protected    
C. surprised    
C. over        
C. support      
C. survive      
C. advantage    
C. embarrassed  
C. cross        
C. impression  
D. roads        
D. easy        
D. keep        
D. hand        
D. disappeared  
D. found        
D. patient      
D. decorated    
D. achievement  
D. Proud        
D. Therefore    
D. caught      
D. delighted    
D. around      
D. preparation  
D. flee        
D. charge      
D. nervous      
D. occupy      
D. satisfaction
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