问题 问答题 简答题

试述地形因素对土壤发育的影响

答案

参考答案:

地形对土壤的影响不同于母质、气候、生物因素,它没有给土壤提供任何新的物质,它的作用只是引起地表物质与能量的再分配,它和土壤之间并未进行物质与能量的交换,而只是影响土壤和环境之间进行物质和能量交换的一个条件。它是通过其他成土因素对土壤起作用的。

不同地形影响地表水热条件的重新分配。主要表现在不同高度、坡度和方向等对太阳辐射的吸收和地面辐射是不同的。随着海拔高度的增加,气温逐渐下降,而在一定的高度范围内,湿度逐渐增大,因而自然植被也随之发生变化,相应地形成了不同的土壤类型,出现土壤垂直分布的规律。在北半球,南坡接受光热比北坡强,但南坡土温及湿度的变化较大,北坡则常较阴湿,平均土温低于南坡,因而影响土壤中的生物过程和物理化学过程。在一般情况下,南坡和北坡的土壤发育,甚至土壤发育类型均有所不同。

地形支配着地表径流,水从高处流向低处,斜坡排水快,土壤物质易遭淋溶,常见砾质薄层土壤;在低洼处,易积水,细土粒和腐殖质易积累,土色较暗,土层深厚。高地和低地之间表现为共轭关系。在相同的降水条件下,平原、岗丘、洼地等不同地形接受降水的状况不同。平原地形接受降水均匀,湿度比较稳定;岗丘的背部,呈局部干旱,且干湿情况多变;洼地则呈过湿现象,甚至出现地表水和地下水位相接的现象,因此,这些不同地形部位的成土过程是不相同的。

选择题
单项选择题


In 1957 a doctor in Singapore noticed that hospitals were treating an unusual number of influenza-like cases. Influenza is sometimes called "flu" or a "bad cold". He took samples from the throats of patients in his hospital and was able to find the virus of this influenza.
There are three main types of the influenza virus. The most important of these are type A and B, each of them having several subgroups. With the instruments at the hospital, the doctor recognized that the outbreak was due to a virus in group A, but he did not know the subgroup. Then he reported the outbreak to the World Health Organization in Geneva. WHO published the important news alongside reports of a similar outbreak in Hong Kong, where about 15-20 percent of the population had become ill.
As soon as the London doctors received the package of throat samples, doctors began the standard tests. They found that by reproducing itself with very high speed, the virus had grown more than a million times within two days. Continuing their careful tests, the doctors checked the effect of drugs against all the known subgroups of virus type A. None of them have any protection. This, then, was something new, a new influenza virus, against which the people of the world had no help whatever.
Having found the virus they were working with, the two doctors now dropped it into the noses of some specially selected animals, which get influenza much as human beings do. In a short time the usual signs of the disease appeared. These experiments proved that the new virus was easy to catch, but that it was not a killer. Scientists, like the general public, call it simply Asian flu.
The first discovery of the virus, however, was made in China before the disease had appeared in other countries. Various reports showed that the influenza outbreak started in China, probably in February 1957. By the middle March it had spread all over China. The virus was found by Chinese doctors early in March. But China is not a member of the WHO and therefore does not report outbreaks of disease to it. Not until two months later, when travelers carded the virus into Hong Kong, from where it spread to Singapore, did the news of the outbreak reach the rest of the world. By this time it was well on its way around the world.

One thing necessary for discovering influenza outbreaks is ______.

A.doctors and hospital services

B.drugs to fight the disease

C.the United Nations

D.sick Chinese