问题 问答题

论述蛋白质结构与功能的关系。

答案

参考答案:蛋白质结构与功能的关系可从以下方面进行理解。(1)蛋白质一级结构与其功能关系密切:①同源蛋白质的物种差异与生物进化。在不同生物中行使相同或相似功能的蛋白质称为同源蛋白质,同源蛋白质的氨基酸序列具有明显的相似性,这种相似性称为序列同源。同源蛋白质的氨基酸序列中有许多位置的氨基酸残基对所有已研究过的物种来说都是相同的,这样的氨基酸残基称为不变残基,不变残基对蛋白质的功能起决定作用;但其他位置的氨基酸残基对不同物种有相当大的变化,这样的残基称为可变残基,残基的变化不影响蛋白质的功能,不同物种之间可变残基差异的数目可提供物种之间亲缘关系远近的信息。例如细胞色素c,根据不同物种之间可变残基的差异,可绘制生物进化树。②多肽链的断裂和蛋白质的激活:在动物体内的某些生物化学过程中,蛋白质分子的部分肽链必须先按特定的方式断裂,然后才呈现生物活性。例如血液凝固时血纤维蛋白原和凝血酶原的复杂变化,消化液中一系列蛋白水解酶原的激活以及许多多肽或蛋白质激素前体转变为活性的激素形式等都属于这种情况,它是在生物进化过程中发展起来的,是蛋白质分子的结构与功能具有高度统一性的表现。③分子病:指一些生物大分子如核酸、蛋白质等发生变异的疾病,其典型的例子是镰状细胞贫血病,其病因在于异常血红蛋白HbS的p链N末端第6位氨基酸是Val,代替正常血红蛋白HbA分子中的Glu。可以看出,蛋白质一级结构中一个氨基酸的改变,就会改变蛋白质的功能。(2)蛋白质的空间结构与其功能关系十分密切。蛋白质要表现其功能,必须要有合适的构象,一旦构象被破坏,其功能也会丧失。①蛋白质的变性作用能充分说明这一点,天然蛋白质分子受到某些物理因素如热、紫外线照射、高压和表面张力等或化学因素如 有机溶剂、脲、胍、酸、碱等影响时,生物活性丧失,溶解度降低,不对称性增高以及其他的物理化学常数发生改变。蛋白质变性的实质是蛋白质分子中的次级键被破坏,引起天然构象解体,变性不涉及共价键(肽键和二硫键等)的破裂,一级结构仍保持完好。②血红蛋白结合氧的特性也反映出蛋白质的空间结构与其功能的关系。血红蛋白在与氧结合时表现出协同效应,即当第1个亚基与一分子氧气结合后,卟啉环平面由凸面变为水平,虽然该亚基的构象发生微小的变化,但这一变化确实影响了与其他亚基之间的相互作用,亚基之间的8对盐键被破坏,整个血红蛋白分子构象发生较大变化,血红蛋白构象由紧张态(T态)变为松弛态(R态),这一构象的变化导致了血红蛋白的其他亚基与氧结合力大大增强,第4个亚基与氧结合的速度大约是第1个亚基的200~400倍。血红蛋白的别构效应充分反映了它的生物学适应性,结构与功能的高度统一性。

阅读理解

阅读理解。

     Long, long ago there lived in Greece a king whose name was Midas. He was a greedy man and loved

gold better than anything else in the world.

     One day he asked the God (上帝) to give him still more gold. The God decided to punish him and

said:"Very well, in the morning everything that you touch will become gold."

     He got up early the next morning. When he touched his bed, it turned to gold. He began to dress, and

his clothes became gold. Midas was delighted. The king went to have his breakfast. He took a cup of milk,

but it immediately turned to gold. Then he took a piece of bread, and that also changed into gold. Midas

now began to feel unhappy. It was good to be the richest man in the world. but he was hungry, and he

could not eat or drink gold. He went out into the garden. His little daughter Was there. When she saw her

father, she ran up to him. King Midas was very fond of his daughter and he kissed her tenderly. Then and

there she turned into a golden statue (雕塑).

     Midas was now surprised and sad. He begged the God to take away the Golden Touch.

     The God took away his Golden Touch and everything became natural again. Midas never forgot this

lesson. He knew now that gold did not bring happiness.

1. What did Midas ask the God for at first?

A. He wanted to become a king.

B. He asked for a gold bed.

C. He wanted to have more gold.

2. What happened the next morning?

A. Everything he touched became gold.

B. The God gave him gold milk and bread.

C. He can't find his golden daughter.

3. Midas was unhappy because _____.

A. his bed became gold

B. his clothes became gold

C. his milk and bread became gold

4. The Chinese meaning of the underlined word "greedy" is _____.

A. 高大的

B. 富有的

C. 贪婪的

5. Which of the following is true?

A. The king had a wonder breakfast the next morning.

B. The king had nothing for breakfast the next morning.

C. The God gave the king much gold the next morning.

解答题