问题 问答题 简答题

何为“两希”?两希传统对西方文学的影响何在?两希传统特质是二元对立的吗?

答案

参考答案:

①指希腊文化和希伯来文化。

古希腊-罗马文学,主张“人是万物的尺度”,“原欲型文化”,“人对自然的征服”强调“人”的存在——人性、原欲、身体、力量、智慧,即世俗人本主义。

古希伯来-基督教文学,提出“人是理性的动物”,强调“理性型文化”“人对自然的顺从”强调“神”的存在——神性、理性、灵魂、顺从、虔诚,即宗教人本主义。

②古希腊文学中蕴含着原始形态的“人”的观念,它经由古罗马文学对后来的西方文学产生了深远的影响,成为西方文学人文传统的主要源头之一。他体现出个体自由精神,无论是作为群体的人还是社会面前表现出的行动意识、自由观念和主体精神。古希腊文学中的世俗人本意识经古罗马文学广泛流传于后世的西方文学。如《俄狄浦斯王》俄狄浦斯强烈的行动已是表明了人的主体性上升到了一个自觉意识的高度。另一方面是人欲与伦理道德的两难、探险征服等,如奥德修斯之旅。在叙事模式方面,流传了三部曲的模式。

希伯来-基督教文学,是欧洲文学的又一源头,其中蕴含的“人”的观念,经由中世纪文学对后来的欧洲文学产生了深远影响。希伯来文化中的人,都是神话的人,是人向神的提升,人的主体性的萎缩。将人与原欲分离,渴望集中理性、意志、真善美于上帝一身。如《旧约》中对战争领导人摩西的描写,其丰功伟绩和才能指挥,俨然是上帝的神力在他身上的显现,真正的英雄不是摩西本人,而是上帝之神力附着的结果。“灵”取代了“肉”。而《约伯记》中讲述了上帝对义人约伯的考验,证明了信仰的绝对性,权威性与神秘性。随着基督教精神推向极端,人文主义作家开始回归世俗人本意识。如文艺复兴时期薄伽丘的《十日谈》,拉伯雷的《巨人传》,企图摆脱宗教愚昧。

而西方文学也在古希腊和古希伯来文化的对立、冲突、斗争中,不断发展,调和。寻找着情感与理性的统一,张扬人的主体精神,又不与外在客体冲突,既满足个人欲望,又不违背社会道德律令。启蒙运动中把“人”的问题的探索推向了更广袤的天地,对个性自由、情感自由理性追求,并为浪漫主义文学及更遥远的后世文学奠定基础。

③“神”其实是人性中的理性成分,是人对人性本质理性、精神层面的更高追寻,因此“神”与“人”两个层面共同成就了完整的人,希伯来文化与希腊文化蕴含着对立统一的两元。两希精神在西方文学史上的碰撞、融合与提升是理解西方文学发展脉络的关键。

阅读理解
阅读理解。
     Traditional Chinese festivals are now getting their own logos (标识). Here're logos for China's seven
important traditional festivals.
     Chunjie, Spring Festival, China's lunar new year, is the most important of the
traditional Chinese holidays. People usually get together, watch fireworks and the
lion dance, eat dumplings and put on new clothes. They pay New Year calls to
their relatives and friends. Children usually get red packets.
     Yuanxiao, Lantern Festival
is on the 15th day of the first
month in the Chinese calendar.
People watch lanterns and eat
sweet dumplings.
     Qixi, the Night of Sevens is
on the seventh day of the seventh
month in the Chinese calendar.
It's Chinese version (版本) of
Valentine's Day (情人节).
     Qingming, Tomb-Sweeping
Festival is around April 5. People
from home and abroad go to the
graves (墓) of the dead in
memory of (纪念) them.
     Zhongqiu, Mid-Autumn
Festival, is on the 15th day of
the eighth month in the Chinese
calendar. Families enjoy moon
cakes and tell the story of
Chang'e.
    Duanwu, Dragon Boat Festival
is on the fifth day of the fifth
month in the Chinese calendar.
People eat rice dumplings and
remember the poet Qu Yuan.
     Chongyang, Double Ninth
Festival is on the ninth day of
the ninth month in the Chinese
calendar. It's the date to pay
respect (尊敬) to the old.
1. Mid-Autumn Festival is ________ in the Chinese calendar.
A. on 15th of August
B. on 7th of July
C. on 15th of January
D. on 5th of May
2. What do Chinese people eat at Dragon Boat Festival?
A. Dumplings.
B. Moon cakes.
C. Rice dumplings.
D. Sweet dumplings.
3. Chinese version of Valentine's Day is ________.
A. Lantern Festival
B. the Night of Sevens
C. Spring Festival
D. Tomb-Sweeping Festival
4. At Tomb-Sweeping Festival, people go to the graves in memory of ________.
A. Qu Yuan
B. the elderly
C. Chang'e
D. the dead
5. At Double Ninth Festival, what do people usually do?
A. They watch lanterns.
B. They pay respect to old people.
C. They visit their relatives.
D. They get together to tell stories
填空题