问题 问答题 简答题

古罗马公共浴场的建筑特色?

答案

参考答案:

罗马城市里,把运动场、图书馆、音乐厅、演讲厅、交谊室、商店等等组织建造公共浴场里,形成一个多用途的建筑群。帝国时期,浴场成了很重要的公共建筑物,质量迅速提高,终于产生了足以代表当时建筑的最高成就的作品。

由于拱券技术成熟,浴场把各种辅助房间都设在地下室中,主要房间的平面布置逐渐趋向对称,并且形成了严谨的空间序列。

卡拉卡拉浴场和戴克利提乌姆浴场都是庞大的建筑群。它们的主要成就是:

第一个成就是结构十分出色。它们的核心,温水浴大厅,是横向3间十字拱。十字拱的重量集中在8个墩子上,墩子外侧有一道横墙抵御侧推力,横墙之间跨上筒形拱,既增强了整体性,又扩大了大厅。复杂多样的拱券体系构成一个有机的整体。

第二个成就是功能很完善。由于结构体系先进,全部活动可以在室内进行,各种用途的大厅联系紧凑。由于有侧高窗,所有重要的大厅都有直接的天然照明。浴场有集中供暖。设备辅助用房等造在地下室里。图书室、演讲室、健身房、运动场和商店等,能满足多方面的需要。这些大型浴场,一般可容3000~5000人同时活动。

第三个成就是内部空间组织得简洁而又多变,开创了内部空间序列的艺术手法。冷水浴、温水浴和热水浴三个大厅串联在中央轴线上,而以热水浴大厅的集中式空间结束它。两侧的更衣室等等组成横轴线和次要的纵轴线。主要的纵横轴线相交在最大的温水浴大厅中,使它成为最开敞的空间。轴线上,空间的大小、纵横、高矮、开阖交替地变化着。不同的拱顶和穹顶又造成空间形状的变化。浴场的内部空间的流转贯通和变化丰富,是空前的成就。这主要是形成了各种拱顶之间的平衡体系,摆脱了承重墙的结果。把浴场同万神庙比较,可以看到结构的进步彻底改变了建筑的空间艺术,从单一空间到复合空间,空间在建筑艺术中的作用大大提高了。

浴场的内部装饰十分富丽。

浴场对18世纪以后欧洲的大型公共建筑的内部空间组织有很大的影响。

阅读理解

When I was fifteen months old.I fell on a glass rabbit which cut my eye badly enough to blind it.And as I grew,this sightless eye , in so many ways controlled me that I walked with my face looking at the floor so people would not see the ugly me.

Yet Mama would hold me in her arms and stroke my hair and say,“If you hold your head up high,it will be OK.And people will see your beautiful soul.”She continued this message whenever I wanted to hide.

As a little child,I thought Mama meant,“Be careful or you will fall down or bump into something because you are not looking.”As a teenager, I found that my mama’s words helped me begin to realize that by letting people look at my face,I let them recognize the intelligence and beauty behind my eyes.

In high school I was successful both academically and socially.I was even elected class president,but inside me I still felt like a freak(畸形人).When things got really bad,I would cry to my mama and she would look at me with loving eyes and say, “Hold your head up high and face the world.Let them see the beauty that is inside.”

When I met the man who became my partner for life,we looked each other straight in the eye,and he told me I was beautiful inside and out.Mama’s love and encouragement were the spark that gave me the confidence to overcome my own doubt.

“Hold your head up high” has been heard many times in my home.Each of my children has felt its invitation.The gift my mama gave me lives on in another generation.

小题1:What is TRUE of the writer’s eyes?

A.She was blind in one eye when she was born.

B.Her blindness was caused by a traffic accident.

C.She became blind in one eye because of a fall.

D.She lives unhappily because of her blindness.小题2:When the writer was a high school student,she ________ .

A.was proud of her beauty that was inside

B.was active in taking part in social activities

C.was filled with doubts and worries about her sightless eye

D.was good at her study but sometimes lacked confidence小题3:What does the underlined word “invitation” mean?

A.encouragement

B.advantage

C.warmth

D.weight小题4:What’s the author’s purpose in writing the passage?

A.To show the power of confidence.

B.To express her attitude to her mom.

C.To explain how to build confidence.

D.To inspire people to face difficulties

单项选择题